Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to alcohol consumption patterns over the follow-up period.

Age (y)

53.3 ± 9.3

49.6 ± 8.2

<0.0001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.7 ± 3.0

24.3 ± 2.9

0.1454

SBP (mmHg)

119.9 ± 15.8

123 ± 16.3

<0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

79.9 ± 10.7

83.5 ± 10.7

<0.0001

AST (IU/L)^a

26.2 ± 17.1

33.9 ± 23.0

<0.0001

ALT (IU/L)^a

26.8 ± 18.6

32.3 ± 21.0

0.0002

GTP (IU/L)^a

27.9 ± 19.7

84.3 ± 118.7

<0.0001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.9

5.1 ± 1.0

0.5584

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

<0.0001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)^a

1.6 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 1.8

<0.0001

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 0.5

5.1 ± 0.5

<0.0001

1 h glucose (mmol/L)

8.5 ± 2.5

9.1 ± 2.5

<0.0001

2 h glucose (mmol/L)

6.4 ± 1.9

6.7 ± 1.9

0.0051

Fasting insulin (μU/mL)^a

7.0 ± 5.7

6.6 ± 3.3

0.7919

1 h insulin (μU/mL)^a

29.4 ± 27.5

30.1 ± 30.3

0.3509

2 h insulin (μU/mL)^a

25.0 ± 23.7

22.8 ± 24.2

0.0826

HOMA-B (%)^a

113.7 ± 110

90.2 ± 51.5

0.0007

IGI₆₀^a

9.3 ± 15.7

8.5 ± 15.8

0.0180

I/G_{AUC 60–120}^a

3.7 ± 2.7

3.4 ± 3.0

0.0033

I/G₁₂₀^a

3.8 ± 3.1

3.3 ± 2.9

0.0036

Composite ISI^a

13.1 ± 12.6

12.3 ± 9.8

0.8053

Disposition index^a

75.7 ± 90.3

67.0 ± 90.0

0.0049

MET (Physical activity)

10223.6 ± 6309.4

10916.9 ± 6582.8

0.0033

Smoking (ex/current)

26.4%/38.6%

28.1%/61.7%

<0.0001

Family history of diabetes

9.4%

12.6%

0.1497