Table 3 Changes in ß-cell function and the insulin sensitivity index in the oral glucose tolerance test according to genetic variants in GCK and INSR and alcohol consumption patterns.

GCK	Never-drinker		P₀^a	Chronic heavy drinker		P₀^a	P₁^b	Post-hoc anlaysis
GCK	TT	TC + CC	P₀^a	TT	TC + CC	P₀^a	P₁^b	Post-hoc anlaysis
HOMA-B (%)	102.8 ± 51.7	105.2 ± 79.9	0.7956	90 ± 73.8	85.4 ± 67.2	0.4355	<0.0001	a,a,b,b
IGI₆₀	11.8 ± 13.4	11.0 ± 13.0	0.5220	9.1 ± 12.2	7.1 ± 9.5	0.1191	0.0002	a,a,b,b
I/G_{AUC 60–120}	4.4 ± 3.1	4.6 ± 3.4	0.6289	4.1 ± 3.3	3.4 ± 2.6	0.0523	0.0004	ab,a,b,c
I/G₁₂₀	3.2 ± 2.8	3.8 ± 3.8	0.0116	3.0 ± 4.3	3.3 ± 4.7	0.6387	0.0043	b,a,b,b
Composite ISI	9.6 ± 4.8	10 0.0 ± 5.2	0.8024	9.8 ± 4.6	9.8 ± 5.1	0.9457	0.4124
Disposition index	105.9 ± 137.3	105.2 ± 127.5	0.5390	76.6 ± 102.4	61.2 ± 85.1	0.076	0.0023	a,a,b,b
*INSR*	AACT carrier	Non-carrier		AACT carrier	Non-carrier
HOMA-B (%)	105.4 ± 74.7	104.8 ± 57.3	0.8958	87.7 ± 81	89 ± 58.7	0.3553	<0.0001	a,a,b,b
IGI₆₀	10.5 ± 11.7	12.2 ± 14.6	0.1874	8.4 ± 11	7.9 ± 11.5	0.1786	0.0005	ab,a,bc,c
I/G_{AUC 60–120}	4.4 ± 3.1	4.6 ± 3.4	0.4561	4.1 ± 3.3	3.4 ± 2.6	0.9352	0.004	a,a,b,b
I/G₁₂₀	3.3 ± 2.9	3.8 ± 3.8	0.3259	3.1 ± 4.6	3.2 ± 4.5	0.7709	0.0574
Composite ISI	9.9 ± 5.2	9.5 ± 4.9	0.7062	10.3 ± 4.9	9.0 ± 4.4	0.0190	0.0496	ab,ab,a,b
Disposition index	101.2 ± 129	104.7 ± 135.4	0.6418	76.8 ± 99.8	57.1 ± 87.9	0.0131	0.0011	a,a,a,b

Data are expressed as the means ± SD and variables were log-transformed prior to analysis; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment-beta; IGI₆₀, insulinogenic index at 1 hour post-OGTT; I/G_{AUC 60–120,} the ratio of area under the insulin curve to area under the glucose curve from 1 h to 2 h; I/G₁₂₀, the ratio of insulin to glucose at 2 hour post-OGTT; ISI, insulin sensitivity index.
^aDifferences between the genotype groups (TT vs TC + CC for GCK, AACT carrier vs Non-carrier for INSR) were assessed by general linear models with adjustment for age, physical activity, smoking status, BMI, AST and tracking period.
^bDifferences among the genotype-alcohol consumption groups were assessed by general linear models with adjustment for age, physical activity, smoking status, BMI, AST and tracking period. Duncan post-hoc test was used to identify group differences (a: highest mean; c: lowest mean; a > b > c).

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