Table 1 Results from statistical GLM analyses testing effects of Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) exposure on Nosema ceranae infection intensity.

From: Consequences of a short time exposure to a sublethal dose of Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) pesticide early in life on survival and immunity in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)

Source

Type III

df

Wald Chi-Square

Sig.

Bees exposed to pesticides during larval treatment

Intercept

1

1226.85

<0.001

Colony

2

390.45

<0.001

Treatment

2

261.16

<0.001

Colony * Treatment

4

161.23

<0.001

Bees exposed to pesticides during early adult stage

Intercept

1

2795.26

<0.001

Colony

3

437.14

<0.001

Treatment

2

121.31

<0.001

Colony * Treatment

6

41.71

<0.001

  1. Exposure to the pesticide resulted in higher N. ceranae intensities compared to non-exposed bees, but a significant colony x treatment interaction term indicated that the bee’s ability of respond to the parasite infections differed between colonies. (see Fig. 3).
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