Table 2 Obesity/overweight status by socio-economic variables (referent: normal weight): a multinomial logistic regression analysis

From: Application of single-level and multi-level modeling approach to examine geographic and socioeconomic variation in underweight, overweight and obesity in Nepal: findings from NDHS 2016

Variable

Overweight &/or obesity

Education*

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3 (final model)

Model 4

No education, preschool

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

Primary

1.32 (1.14–1.53)

2.05 (1.75–2.41)

1.59 (1.35–1.87)

1.41 (1.20–1.66)

1.70 (1.44–2.00)

Secondary

1.25 (1.09–1.44)

3.00 (2.54–3.54)

1.68 (1.42–1.99)

1.49 (1.26–1.76)

2.42 (2.04–2.87)

Higher

1.60 (1.35–1.90)

3.94 (3.23–4.79)

1.69 (1.36–2.11)

1.46 (1.17–1.82)

3.13 (2.53–3.88)

p-trend

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Rurality

Rural

ref

 

ref

ref

ref

Urban

1.99 (1.68–2.35)

2.08 (1.74–2.48)

2.14 (1.81–2.52)

1.89 (1.62–2.20)

1.59 (1.34–1.87)

Provinces

Province 1

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Province 2

0.60 (0.47–0.75)

0.57 (0.45–0.73)

 

0.55 (0.44–0.68)

0.58 (0.45–0.76)

Province 3

1.48 (1.17–1.87)

1.56 (1.22–2.00)

 

1.01 (0.81–1.26)

1.58 (1.22–2.06)

Province 4

1.30 (1.03–1.64)

1.35 (1.06–1.73)

 

1.24 (1.00–1.53)

1.46 (1.14–1.88)

Province 5

0.87 (0.68–1.12)

0.87 (0.67–1.12)

 

0.81 (0.64–1.01)

0.86 (0.66–1.10)

Province 6

0.35 (0.25–0.49)

0.34 (0.24–0.48)

 

0.55 (0.41–0.74)

0.44 (0.31–0.62)

Province 7

0.42 (0.27–0.67)

0.41 (0.25–0.66)

 

0.48 (0.33–0.70)

0.45 (0.29–0.71)

Ecological region

Mountain

0.58 (0.40–0.84)

0.56 (0.38–0.84)

 

1.24 (0.86–1.79)

0.96 (0.65–1.40)

Hill

ref

  

ref

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Terai

0.80 (0.67–0.95)

0.77 (0.64–0.93)

 

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

1.25 (1.02–1.53)

Underweight

Education*

No education, preschool

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

Primary

0.71 (0.63–0.82)

0.69 (0.60–0.80)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)

0.85 (0.73–0.98)

0.81 (0.70–0.93)

Secondary

0.70 (0.63–0.79)

0.54 (0.46–0.63)

0.52 (0.44–0.62)

0.67 (0.56–0.79)

0.59 (0.50–0.70)

Higher

0.42 (0.34–0.52)

0.33 (0.26–0.42)

0.33 (0.26–0.42)

0.50 (0.39–0.65)

0.39 (0.31–0.49)

p-trend

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Rurality

Rural

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

Urban

0.81 (0.69–0.94)

0.82 (0.70–0.96)

0.85 (0.73–1.00)

0.81 (0.70–0.93)

0.91 (0.80–1.05)

Provinces

Province 1

ref

ref

 

ref

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Province 2

1.96 (1.53–2.50)

2.03 (1.58–2.62)

 

1.71 (1.30–2.24)

1.70 (1.29–2.23)

Province 3

0.68 (0.49–0.95)

0.67 (0.48–0.95)

 

0.89 (0.64–1.23)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

Province 4

0.68 (0.52–0.89)

0.65 (0.49–0.86)

 

0.78 (0.57–1.05)

0.77 (0.58–1.02)

Province 5

1.22 (0.93–1.60)

1.25 (0.94–1.65)

 

1.16 (0.89–1.52)

1.17 (0.90–1.51)

Province 6

1.10 (0.83–1.48)

1.15 (0.85–1.55)

 

1.29 (0.96–1.72)

1.44 (1.06–1.96)

Province 7

1.37 (1.06–1.79)

1.42 (1.08–1.87)

 

1.39 (1.07–1.82)

1.47 (1.13–1.93)

Ecological region

Mountain

1.21 (0.93–1.57)

1.22 (0.92–1.61)

 

0.91 (0.70–1.17)

0.97 (0.75–1.27)

Hill

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

Terai

1.94 (1.70–2.20)

2.02 (1.76–2.30)

 

1.74 (1.33–2.27)

1.42 (1.10–1.84)

Model fitness

NA

NA

AIC = 25003.8 SBIC = 25262.7

AIC = 24292.8, SBIC = 24673.4

AIC = 25025.5,

SBIC = 25345.2

  1. Model 1: Four individual models adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: age, sex, education, marital status, wealth quintile and rurality; Model 3: age, sex, education, marital status, wealth quintile, rurality, ecological region, provinces (final -model); Model 4: model 3 without wealth quintile (which is used to compare the effect of wealth quintile on overall estimates).
  2. Abbreviation: AIC: akaike information criterion, NA: not applicable, SBIC: schwarz bayesian information criterion.
  3. *Wealth quintile with ordered exposure levels is entered as a linear predictor variable into the model.
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