Table 1 Demographics.

From: Inflammation as a predictor of acute kidney injury and mediator of higher mortality after acute kidney injury in non-cardiac surgery

 

No AKI (n = 4266)

AKI (n = 272)

p

Age

63 (50–72)

67 (55–74)

<0.001

Sex (male)

1995 (46.8)

159 (58.5)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.3 (22.3–24.8)

23.4 (21.0–25.8)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus

655 (15.4)

72 (26.5)

<0.001

Hypertension

1497 (35.1)

130 (47.8)

<0.001

Atrial fibrillation

108 (2.5)

11 (4.0)

0.17

Congestive heart failure

54 (1.3)

14 (5.1)

<0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

46 (1.1)

4 (1.5)

0.54

Ischemic stroke

235 (5.5)

13 (4.8)

0.78

Hemorrhagic stroke

97 (2.3)

10 (3.7)

0.15

Coronary artery disease

200 (4.7)

22 (8.1)

0.02

COPD

111 (2.6)

7 (2.6)

1.00

Chronic hepatitis

167 (3.9)

32 (11.8)

<0.001

Liver cirrhosis

41 (1.0)

11 (4.0)

<0.001

Malignancy

1713 (40.2)

151 (55.5)

<0.001

Smoking

No

Previous

Current

2336 (54.8)

930 (21.8)

1000 (23.4)

135 (49.6)

80 (29.4)

57 (21.0)

0.01

CRP (mg/dL)

0.10 (0.10–0.30)

0.20 (0.10–1.20)

<0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

4.3 (4.0–4.5)

4.0 (3.5–4.3)

<0.001

Hematocrit (%)

38.2 (34.8–41.5)

35.5 (31.3–39.5)

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

78.1 (65.9–92.0)

69.5 (48.5–88.3)

<0.001

Dipstick proteinuria

−

+/−

+

2+

3+

3601 (84.4)

310 (7.3)

231 (5.4)

106 (2.5)

18 (0.4)

182 (66.9)

24 (8.8)

26 (9.6)

29 (10.7)

11 (4.0)

<0.001

ACE-Is or ARBs

803 (18.8)

86 (31.6)

<0.001

Diuretics

276 (6.5)

44 (16.2)

<0.001

Anti-platelet agents

546 (12.8)

46 (16.9)

0.06

Statins

481 (11.3)

41 (15.1)

0.06

Insulin

147 (3.4)

25 (9.2)

<0.001

Oral antidiabetics

383 (9.0)

44 (16.2)

<0.001

NSAIDs

700 (16.4)

33 (12.1)

0.07

Contrast media

231 (5.4)

21 (7.7)

0.13

Pre-operative chemotherapy

218 (5.1)

13 (4.8)

1.00

Post-operative chemotherapy

574 (13.5)

45 (16.5)

0.17

Corticosteroids

229 (5.4)

21 (7.7)

0.01

Kinds of Surgery

Intra-thoracic

Intra-abdominal

Pelvic or major joint replacement

Others

430 (10.1)

800 (18.8)

662 (15.5)

2374 (55.6)

35 (12.9)

89 (32.7)

58 (21.3)

90 (33.1)

<0.001

Surgeries not for malignancy

Curative resection for malignancy

Palliative resection for malignancy

2791 (65.4)

1234 (29.0)

241 (5.6)

136 (50.0)

110 (40.4)

26 (9.6)

<0.001

Emergent surgery

210 (4.9)

24 (8.8)

0.01

Intra-operative vasopressors

3482 (81.6)

236 (86.8)

0.03

Intra-operative diuretics

391 (9.2)

42 (15.4)

0.001

Intra-operative lowest systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80 (70–85)

75 (70–80)

<0.001

Intra-operative delta systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

60 (45–80)

65 (50–80)

0.04

Intra-operative fluid balance (mL/kg)

21.2 (14.0–31.4)

25.6 (16.8–41.3)

<0.001

  1. The data were shown as n (%) or median (interquartile range). P values were by Man-Whitney U test or Fisher’s exact test.
  2. Delta systolic blood pressure = systolic blood pressure at the beginning of surgery – intra-operative lowest systolic blood pressure
  3. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP: C-reactive protein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE-Is: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers, NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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