Table 2 Age- and sex-adjusted association between CRAE and CRVE and clinical, cardiovascular and functional measures.

From: Structural analysis of retinal blood vessels in patients with COPD during a pulmonary rehabilitation program

 

CRAE

CRVE

Β

p-value

Β

p-value

Clinical characteristics

Sex, male*

−0.424

0.795

3.472

0.198

Age, years*

−0.351

<0.001

−0.621

0.000

Body mass index, kg/m2

−0.187

0.170

0.087

0.698

Fat free mass index, kg/m2

−0.171

0.634

0.308

0.601

Smoking (%)

Current

1.965

0.578

−10.522

0.068

Ex

−0.124

0.971

−6.760

0.220

Never

1

 

1

 

Smoking pack-years

−0.004

0.907

−0.007

0.898

FEV1, % pred

0.012

0.753

−0.008

0.905

FEV1/FVC

−0.009

0.888

0.008

0.937

TLCO, % pred

−0.118

0.016

−0.060

0.456

RV, % pred

−0.002

0.882

−0.021

0.413

TLC, % pred

0.005

0.912

−0.046

0.542

GOLD stage

I

−3.231

0.338

−1.564

0.779

II

2.946

0.218

4.274

0.280

III

−0.850

0.701

2.288

0.533

IV

1

 

1

 

Long-term oxygen therapy

4.567

0.310

3.173

0.462

Blood gases

O2 saturation at rest, %

−0.576

0.037

−0.934

0.039

PaO2, kPa

−0.898

0.102

−1.492

0.097

PaCO2, kPa

0.507

0.565

1.100

0.445

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

−0.102

0.003

−0.137

0.016

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

−0.163

0.020

−0.030

0.795

Hypertension, %

2.313

0.207

0.140

0.963

Laboratory values

Blood glucose, mmol/L

−1.290

0.073

−2.294

0.052

(Pre) diabetes mellitus, %

−0.434

0.807

2.222

0.444

Total cholesterol

−0.271

0.967

1.227

0.281

HDL

−0.289

0.836

−2.404

0.290

LDL

0.182

0.811

2.513

0.041

Triglycerides

−2.120

0.043

−1.914

0.267

Dyslipidemia, %

0.234

0.885

−0.815

0.759

hs-CRP

low (%)

4.002

0.130

−12.857

0.050

borderline (%)

0.389

0.877

−5.412

0.028

moderately high (%)

−1.042

0.683

−0.624

0.883

markedly high (%)

1

 

1

 

COPD medication, %

Beta-agonists

−2.016

0.449

−5.872

0.214

Anticholinergics

−2.095

0.501

−2.267

0.657

Inhaled corticosteroids

1.763

0.383

0.799

0.810

ICS/LABA combination

1.289

0.420

3.197

0.222

LAMA/LABA combination

1.460

0.451

−0.734

0.817

SAMA/SABA combination

−2.122

0.350

−1.698

0.600

Cardiovascular medication, %

−1.133

0.530

−0.018

0.995

Statins

0.883

0.603

−0.065

0.981

Antihypertensives**

−1.431

0.387

−0.005

0.999

Anticoagulants

1.764

0.301

−0.529

0.850

Antiarrythmics

0.615

0.815

−1.196

0.781

Cardiovascular comorbidities, %

0.965

0.566

−1.637

0.557

Exercise capacity

Peak VO2, mL/min†

−0.003

0.363

0.003

0.492

6-minute walk distance, m

−0.008

0.278

0.005

0.716

Constant work rate test, s‡

0.004

0.293

0.008

0.298

  1. *Age and sex were modeled separately, not adjusting for the other variable.
  2. †available in 196 patients; ‡available in 223 patients.
  3. kg = kilogram; m = meter; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC = forced vital capacity; O2 = oxygen; PaO2 = arterial partial pressure of oxygen; kPa = kilopascal; PaCO2 = arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; mm Hg = millimeter of mercury; L = liter; hs-CRP = high-sensitive C-reactive protein; SABA = short-acting beta-agonist; LABA = long-acting beta-agonist; SAMA = short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA = long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS = inhaled corticosteroids; VO2 = oxygen uptake; min = minute.
  4. **i.e. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists
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