Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Investigation of The Cellular Response to Bone Fractures: Evidence for Flexoelectricity

Figure 4

Flexoelectricity effects around bone microcracks in different materials. Calculated flexoelectric field distribution around a microcrack in (A1) HA and (B1) TiO2. Red circle limits the 1 kV/m region, the minimum magnitude that can induce damage to cells21. Live/Dead staining images of osteocytes cultured in (A2) HA and (B2) TiO2 immediately after stimulation. Arrows indicate the localization of the cracks in all the materials. Images of microcracks prior cell culture in (A3) HA and (B3) TiO2 substrates.

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