Table 1 Mean (±SE) raw percentage mortality of Dikerogammarus villosus at 24 hr following exposure to disinfectant and steam treatments. All treatments were replicated three times. Underlined and bold region delineates complete mortality.

Treatment	Concentration	Exposure Time (s)
Treatment	Concentration	5	15	30	60	120	300
Immersion in 1% disinfectants
Control	0%	—	—	0	0	0	0
Virasure Aquatic	1%	—	—	83.3 ± 12	100	100	100
Virkon Aquatic	1%	—	—	46.6 ± 3.3	96.3 ± 3.3	100	100
Virkon S	1%	—	—	40 ± 5.7	86.6 ± 3.3	100	100
Immersion in 2% and 4% disinfectants
Control	0%	0	0	3.3 ± 3.3	3.3 ± 3.3	—	0
Virasure Aquatic	2%	23.3 ± 8.8	100	100	100	—	100
Virasure Aquatic	4%	46.6 ± 8.8	100	100	100	—	100
Virkon Aquatic	2%	3.3 ± 3.3	56.7 ± 12	100	100	—	100
Virkon Aquatic	4%	23.3 ± 8.8	100	100	100	—	100
Virkon S	2%	3.3 ± 3.3	56.7 ± 26	86.6 ± 3.3	100	—	100
Virkon S	4%	80 ± 15.3	100	100	100	—	100
		No. of sprays
		2		5		10
Disinfectant spray
Control	0%	0		0		6.6 ± 6.6
Virasure Aquatic	1%	66.6 ± 24		80 ± 20		100
	2%	20 ± 11.5		100		100
	4%	100		100		100
Virkon Aquatic	1%	20 ± 11.5		66.6 ± 13.3		86.6 ± 13.3
	2%	13.3 ± 13.3		100		100
	4%	80 ± 20		100		100
Virkon S	1%	6.6 ± 6.6		73.3 ± 13.3		86.6 ± 6.6
	2%	33.3 ± 13.3		100		100
	4%	100		100		100
		Exposure Time (s)
		Control	5	10	30	60	120
Steam spray
Steam ≥ 100 °C	—	0	70 ± 25.2	100	100	100	100

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