Table 2 Effects of oils added to the diet on ruminal fermentation in RUSITEC fermenters.

Item	Control (CTR)	Olive oil (OLV)	Sunflower oil (SFL)	Linseed oil (LNS)	SEM (n = 4)	P value	P value contrast CTR vs OIL
Effluent, mL/d	577	565	513	569	10.1	0.164	0.255
pH	6.73	6.72	6.66	6.67	0.012	0.126	0.126
Disappearance coefficients, g digested/100 g incubated
Organic matter	67.4^ab	70.8^ab	66.1^b	72.1^a	1.27	0.022	0.172
Neutral detergent fiber	32.9^ab	34.7^a	29.0^b	35.4^a	1.31	0.044	0.961
Acid detergent fiber	23.4	24.3	19.7	26.9	1.58	0.082	0.879
Crude protein	49.5^ab	54.9^a	47.6^b	54.7^a	1.83	0.036	0.197
Fermentation gas production
Total gas, L/d	3.01	2.75	2.81	2.98	0.066	0.470	<0.001
Methane, mL/100 mL total gas	7.04^a	5.79^b	5.66^b	5.57^b	0.108	0.002	<0.001
Methane, mL/d	212^a	160^b	162^b	166^b	12.5	0.040	0.006
Methane, mmol/g fermentable OM	1.02^a	0.81^b	0.78^b	0.73^b	0.045	0.005	<0.001
Volatile fatty acid (VFA, mmol/d)
Acetate	24.9	23.8	22.0	24.1	0.455	0.206	0.160
Propionate	8.39^b	10.30^ab	9.87^ab	11.88^a	0.342	0.003	0.002
Butyrate	7.38^a	5.64^b	5.50^b	5.51^b	0.166	0.005	<0.001
Isoacids	2.03^b	2.20^ab	2.13^ab	2.52^a	0.055	0.045	0.070
Total VFA	51.2	48.5	46.2	50.7	0.715	0.109	0.125
Acetate:propionate ratio	2.99^a	2.32^b	2.27^b	2.03^b	0.046	<0.001	<0.001
Ammonia N, mg/d	89.1^a	72.4^b	65.0^b	65.0^b	1.58	0.001	<0.001
Microbial protein, g/d	1.06	1.02	0.90	1.14	0.046	0.353	0.714
Microbial protein, g/100 g fermentable OM	11.4	9.2	9.6	11.2	0.72	0.158	0.127

CTR = Control diet; OLV = control diet supplemented with 6% olive oil; SFL = control diet supplemented with 6% sunflower oil; LNS = control diet supplemented with 6% linseed oil.
SEM = standard error of the mean; OM = organic matter.
Contrast CTR vs OIL: comparison between CTR and all treatments supplemented with oil.
^a,bWithin a row, mean values without common superscript letters differ (P < 0.05).

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