Table 2 Comparison of z-scores for BMI according to maternal GDM and LGA in different age.

From: Adverse pregnancy outcomes on the risk of overweight offspring: a population-based retrospective study in Xiamen, China

BMI z-score for age

Exposed to m-nonGDM-AGA

Exposed to m-GDM-AGA

Exposed to m-GDM-LGA

P value

Age 1 year

   Model 1

0.01 (0.01)

0.01 (0.02)

0.31 (0.03)

<0.0001

   Model 2

0.15 (0.02)

0.16 (0.02)

0.45 (0.03)

<0.0001

   Model 3

0.16 (0.02)

0.13 (0.02)

0.39 (0.03)

<0.0001

Age 2 year

   Model 1

−0.01 (0.01)

0.01 (0.02)

0.33 (0.03)

<0.0001

   Model 2

0.06 (0.02)

0.08 (0.02)

0.40 (0.03)

<0.0001

   Model 3

0.06 (0.02)

0.05 (0.02)

0.32 (0.03)

<0.0001

Age 3 year

   Model 1

−0.15 (0.01)

−0.12 (0.02)

0.16 (0.04)

<0.0001

   Model 2

−0.11 (0.02)

−0.09 (0.03)

0.19 (0.04)

<0.0001

   Model 3

−0.10 (0.02)

−0.12 (0.03)

0.09 (0.04)

<0.0001

Age 4 year

   Model 1

−0.15 (0.02)

−0.04 (0.04)

0.21 (0.06)

<0.0001

   Model 2

−0.12 (0.03)

−0.02 (0.04)

0.23 (0.06)

<0.0001

   Model 3

−0.12 (0.03)

−0.07 (0.04)

0.11 (0.06)

0.0002

Age 5 year

   Model 1

−0.11 (0.03)

0.03 (0.06)

0.18 (0.09)

0.0003

   Model 2

−0.10 (0.03)

0.04 (0.06)

0.19 (0.09)

0.0003

   Model 3

−0.10 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.06)

0.07 (0.09)

0.0447

Age 6 year

   Model 1

−0.07 (0.12)

0.02 (0.19)

0.24 (0.25)

0.4094

   Model 2

−0.08 (0.13)

0.03 (0.20)

0.28 (0.26)

0.3165

   Model 3

−0.11 (0.14)

0.02 (0.20)

0.21 (0.26)

0.3645

  1. Data are showed as mean (SE).
  2. Model 1: adjusted for sex, maternal age, education, and infant feeding;
  3. Model 2: adjusted for covariates in Model 1 + maternal gestational weight gain;
  4. Model 3: adjusted for covariates in Model 2 + maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index.
  5. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA, large for gestational age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; m, mother; BMI, body mass index.
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