Table 1 Benchmarking magnetic technology versus basic 3D cell printing approaches.

Advantages

(1) Single cell manipulation

(2) Nozzle free

(3) Usage of high viscosity bio-ink

(4) High resolution

(5) High accuracy

(6) High gelation speed

(1) High cell viability

(2) Noncontact nozzle

(3) Printed cell patterns using different cell types

(4) Heterogeneous multicellular constructs

(5) High throughput

(6) High gelation speed

(1) High mechanical properties

(2) Short fabrication time

(3) Printing of various types and viscosities of bio-ink

(4) Wide range of biocompatible materials

(1) High cell viability

(2) Remote control of cell distribution in deep scaffold space

(3) Simultaneous assembling of large number of cells

(5) Simple and rapid methodology

(6) Heterogeneous multicellular constructs

Disadvantages

(1) Low mechanical properties

(2) Long fabrication time

(3) Damage cells due to heat generated from laser energy

(4) Aggregate in the final tissue construct

(1) Low mechanical and structural integrity

(2) Long fabrication time

(3) Low upper limit for viscosity of bio-ink

(4)Low reproducibility

(5) Cell aggregation (6) Clogging of the nozzle orifice

(1) Low cell viability due to nozzle wall shear stress and mechanical stress

(2) Low accuracy

(3) Cell death due to changes in dispensing pressure and bio-ink concentration

(1) Magnetic labeling of cells is mandatory

(2) Spatial control over cells distribution is established only for large ensembles, and not for a single cell

(3) Spatial distribution strongly depends on the scaffold geometry and magnetization