Scientific Reports

Table 3 Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of Congo red dye onto WFS coated with Mg/Fe-LDH.

From: Waste foundry sand/MgFe-layered double hydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution

Kinetic model	Parameter	Dosage (g/50 mL)
Kinetic model	Parameter	0.1	0.5	1
Pseudo first-order	k₁ (min⁻¹)	0.166	0.127	0.202
	q_e^(mg/g) q_eexp^*(mg/g)	178.15 182.35	43.85 44.67	23.27 23.75
	R²	0.959	0.979	0.983
Pseudo second-order	k₂ (g/mg min)	0.001	0.003	0.013
	q_e^(mg/g) q_eexp^*(mg/g)	197.40 182.35	49.26 44.67	25.44 23.75
	R²	0.993	0.999	0.997
Intra-particle diffusion	First portion
	C	50.673	4.097	6.588
	k_int (mg/g min^0.5)	26.603	8.300	3.987
	R²	0.860	0.963	0.940
	Second portion
	C	127.04	23.97	18.088
	k_int (mg/g min^0.5)	8.300	3.065	0.888
	R²	0.986	0.978	0.992

^*Predicted, **Experimental.

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