Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to developmental assessment at 24 months in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort (n = 3,913).

From: Poor maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy is associated with suspected child developmental delay in 2-year old Brazilian children

Characteristics

Children with development assessed (n = 3,776)a

Children with development unassessed (n = 137)

Pc

nb

Values (%)

nb

Values (%)

Maternal age (years)

3,776

 

137

 

0.526

   <20

 

548 (14.5)

 

22 (16.1)

 

   20–35

 

2,686 (71.1)

 

94 (68.6)

 

   ≥35

 

542 (14.4)

 

21 (15.3)

 

Maternal schooling (years)

3,775

 

137

 

0.115

   0–4

 

336 (8.9)

 

14 (10.2)

 

   5–8

 

983 (26.0)

 

33 (24.1)

 

   9–11

 

1,316 (34.8)

 

40 (29.2)

 

≥12

 

1,140 (30.2)

 

50 (36.5)

 

Maternal skin color

3,770

 

137

 

0.362

   White

 

2,660 (70.6)

 

97 (70.8)

 

   Black

 

608 (16.1)

 

18 (13.1)

 

   Brown or others

 

502 (13.3)

 

22 (16.1)

 

Family income (quintiles)

3,774

 

137

 

0.159

   Poorest

 

753 (20.0)

 

33 (24.1)

 

   Second

 

753 (20.0)

 

30 (21.9)

 

   Third

 

763 (20.2)

 

21 (15.3)

 

   Fourth

 

777 (20.6)

 

22 (16.1)

 

   Richest

 

728 (19.2)

 

31 (22.6)

 

Mother living with a partner

3,775

 

137

 

0.667

   Yes

 

3,247 (86.0)

 

116 (84.7)

 

   No

 

528 (14.0)

 

21 (15.3)

 

Maternal occupation

3,776

 

137

 

0.03

   Paid job

 

2,121 (56.2)

 

64 (46.7)

 

   Unpaid job

 

1,655 (43.8)

 

73 (53.7)

 

Parity

3,774

 

137

 

0.214

   1

 

1,862 (49.3)

 

75 (54.7)

 

   2

 

1,174 (31.1)

 

37 (27.0)

 

   ≥3

 

738 (19.6)

 

25 (18.3)

 

Smoking in pregnancy

3,773

 

137

 

0.661

   Yes

 

611 (16.2)

 

24 (17.5)

 

   No

 

3,162 (83.8)

 

113 (82.5)

 

Number of antenatal care visits

3,697

 

132

 

0.382

   <6

 

486 (13.2)

 

19 (14.4)

 

   6–8

 

1,331 (36.0)

 

51 (38.6)

 

   ≥9

 

1,880 (50.8)

 

62 (47.0)

 

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

3,666

 

134

 

0.154

   <18.5

 

144 (3.9)

 

2 (1.5)

 

   18.5–24.9

 

1,797 (49.0)

 

69 (51.5)

 

   25.0–29.9

 

1,009 (27.5)

 

40 (29.8)

 

   ≥30.0

 

716 (19.5)

 

23 (17.2)

 

Total gestational weight gain (kg)d

3,633

 

131

 

0.04

   Insufficient

 

1,128 (31.0)

 

30 (22.9)

 

   Adequate

 

1,235 (34.0)

 

43 (32.8)

 

   Excessive

 

1,270 (35.0)

 

58 (44.3)

 

Type of delivery

3,775

 

137

 

0.374

   Vaginal

 

1,356 (35.9)

 

44 (32.1)

 

   Cesarean section

 

2,419 (64.1)

 

93 (67.9)

 

Birth weight (grams)

3,774

 

136

 

0.44

   <2,500

 

295 (7.8)

 

8 (5.9)

 

   2,500–3,500

 

2,444 (64.8)

 

89 (65.4)

 

   ≥3500

 

1,035 (27.4)

 

39 (28.7)

 

Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation)

3,776

 

137

 

0.323

   Yes

 

498 (13.2)

 

14 (10.2)

 

   No

 

3,278 (86.8)

 

123 (89.8)

 

Sex of the child

3,776

 

137

 

0.141

   Boy

 

1,924 (50.9)

 

61 (44.5)

 

Gi   rl

 

1,852 (49.1)

 

76 (55.5)

 
  1. aOnly singleton births; bTotals differ due to missing values; cPearson chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests for comparison between children’s characteristics followed-up at 24-months of age and those lost to follow-up; dAccording to Institute of Medicine guidelines, 20095.
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