Table 1 Characteristics of severe trauma adult patients (ISS > 16) with head injury (head AIS ≥ 2) in the ED.

From: Reverse shock index multiplied by Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) predicts mortality in severe trauma patients with head injury

Characteristics

Total patients (n = 438)

Survival (n = 330)

Mortality (n = 108)

p-value

Age

56.48 ± 21.06

55.61 ± 21.55

59.15 ± 19.33

0.13

Sex (Male)

68.5

25.0

75.0

0.04

Triage

1.95 ± 0.79

2.16 ± 0.74

1.32 ± 0.62

<0.01

ISS score

20 (17–26)

18 (16–25)

25 (17–29)

<0.01

Head

16 (16–16)

16 (9–16)

16 (16–25)

0.02

Injury mechanism

Fall from >2 meters

18.9

16.1

27.8

<0.01

Assault

0.9

1.2

0

0.25

Suicide

0.5

0

1.9

0.01

Falling down

17.6

21.5

5.6

<0.01

Others

16.2

16.7

14.8

0.65

Traffic accident

Motorcycle rider

34.7

35.8

31.5

0.42

Car driver

3.4

2.7

5.6

0.16

Bicycle rider

1.1

1.2

0.9

0.81

Pedestrian

6.6

4.8

12.0

<0.01

Vital signs

SBP (mmHg)

144.94 ± 39.97

147.04 ± 33.38

138.34 ± 55.11

0.04

DBP (mmHg)

80.75 ± 20.91

81.0 ± 17.85

71.99 ± 32.23

0.01

Heart rate (beats/min)

88.42 ± 56.81

91.22 ± 62.15

79.66 ± 33.90

0.02

Body temperature (°C)

35.99 ± 3.55

36.25 ± 2.06

35.15 ± 6.22

<0.01

Respiratory rate (min)

19.11 ± 8.34

19.52 ± 7.37

17.80 ± 10.80

0.07

SpO2 (%)

92.68 ± 19.72

95.98 ± 12.10

79.73 ± 34.00

<0.01

GCS score

11.00 ± 6.01

12.70 ± 5.19

6.28 ± 4.25

<0.01

Past History

Hypertension

22.6

19.7

31.5

0.01

Diabetes Mellitus

12.6

11.2

16.7

0.13

Heart disease†

3.7

3.9

2.8

0.58

COPD

1.1

0.6

2.8

0.06

Cancer

0.9

0.6

1.9

0.24

Liver cirrhosis

1.4

0.9

2.8

0.15

Chronic kidney disease

0.9

0.6

1.9

0.24

Scores

SI

0.61 ± 0.51

0.64 ± 0.55

0.53 ± 0.35

0.02

rSI

1.77 ± 1.37

1.79 ± 0.52

1.72 ± 0.81

0.55

rSIG

19.49 ± 18.10

22.29 ± 19.43

10.92 ± 8.88

<0.01

Laboratory data

WBC (103 cells/mm3)

11.61 ± 10.03

11.49 ± 11.24

11.99 ± 4.95

0.53

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.94 ± 8.93

14.33 ± 10.19

12.74 ± 2.34

<0.01

Platelet (103/mm3)

214.17 ± 86.02

219.52 ± 79.21

198.51 ± 102.23

0.03

PT (seconds)

10.48 ± 1.62

10.20 ± 1.19

11.30 ± 2.29

<0.01

aPTT (seconds)

27.51 ± 14.83

25.89 ± 14.82

32.25 ± 13.88

<0.01

Glucose (mg/dL)

168.00 ± 132.00

160.32 ± 135.04

190.81 ± 120.26

0.03

Management

Whole body CT

26.5

16.1

58.3

<0.01

Intubation

35.8

18.5

81.5

<0.01

Chest tube

2.3

1.5

4.6

0.06

Blood transfusion

9.6

3.8

27.8

<0.01

Admission*

Ward days

7 (1–14)

9 (4–15)

0 (0–0)

<0.01

ICU days

3 (0–6)

3 (0–6)

3 (1–6)

0.01

  1. †Heart disease includes coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.
  2. *Admission to general ward or intensive care unit.
  3. Data were presented as %. Data with normal distribution were displayed as mean ± standard deviation. Data that were not normally distributed, will be displayed as median (interquartile range). ISS, Injury Severity Score; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; SpO2, Saturation of peripheral oxygen; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SI, Shock index; rSI, Reverse Shock Index; rSIG, Reverse Shock Index multiplied by Glasgow coma scale; WBC, White blood cell; PT, Prothrombin Time; aPTT, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time; BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen; GOT, Aspartate Aminotransferase; GPT, Alanine Aminotransferase; CT, computer tomography; ICU, Intensive care unit.
Back to article page