Table 4 Composite scores of subtests for each factor by age group.

From: The multidimensionality of Japanese kanji abilities

Age-group

Composite scores on each factor Mean (SD)

ANOVA (Multiple comparison: Tukey’s HSD)

Difference in Correlations

Reading

Semantic

Writing

Reading

Semantic

Writing

SC and WA

Level 2 in 2006

   

F = 985.8***

F = 693.6***

F = 430.7***

 

    High school age (n = 10,969)

24.59 (3.60)

36.30 (9.43)

68.61 (20.52)

H. vs. U.***

***

***

z = 4.1***

    University age (n = 10,745)

25.24 (3.42)

37.71 (10.04)

72.48 (20.60)

H. vs. E.***

***

***

z = 10.6***

    Early adult (n = 6,882)

26.52 (3.16)

41.43 (10.64)

78.48 (21.17)

H. vs. M.***

***

***

z = 8.2***

    Middle adult (n = 4,262)

27.43 (2.47)

43.52 (10.07)

79.32 (20.64)

U. vs. E.***

***

***

z = 7.0 ***

    

U. vs. M.***

***

***

z = 5.1 ***

    

E. vs. M.***

***

 

z = 0.8

Level 2 in 2016

   

F = 178.7***

F = 262.2***

F = 157.3***

 

    High school age (n = 6,556)

24.43 (3.91)

35.32 (9.44)

67.88 (20.02)

H. vs. U. ***

***

***

z = 2.5 *

    University age (n = 4,421)

25.03 (3.72)

37.93 (9.65)

71.92 (20.33)

H. vs. E.***

***

***

z = 3.6***

    Early adult (n = 2,290)

25.48 (3.73)

39.57 (10.15)

74.42 (21.62)

H. vs. M.***

***

***

z = 3.1***

    Middle adult (n = 2,703)

26.33 (3.11)

41.12 (9.88)

76.83 (21.18)

U. vs. E.***

***

***

z = 1.6

    

U. vs. M.***

***

***

z = 0.9

    

E. vs. M.***

***

***

z = 0.6

  1. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001.
  2. Note: ANOVA = analysis of variance, SC = semantic comprehension, WA = writing accuracy, H = high school age (13–18 years), U = university age (19–22 years), E = early adult (23–39 years), M = middle adult (40–59 years).