Table 1 Subject characteristics by lower extremity skeletal muscle mass in tertiles.

From: Association between Lower Extremity Skeletal Muscle Mass and Impaired Cognitive Function in Type 2 Diabetes

 

All (N = 1235)

LESM categories

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

P-value

Age (years)

61.4 ± 8.0

63.5 ± 8.1

61.6 ± 7.5

59.1 ± 7.9

<0.001

Male (%)

641 (51.9)

50 (12.1)

242 (58.7)

349 (84.9)

<0.001

Ethnicity Chinese

664 (53.8)

223 (54.3)

223 (54.1)

218 (53.0)

<0.001

   Malay

227 (18.4)

53 (12.9)

76 (18.5)

98 (23.8)

 

   Indian

292 (23.7)

116 (28.2)

100 (24.3)

76 (18.5)

 

   Other

51 (4.1)

19 (4.6)

13 (3.2)

19 (4.6)

 

DM duration (years)

15.0 ± 9.0

15.0 ± 8.9

15.5 ± 9.2

14.6 ± 9.0

0.345

Smoking: None

124 (10.1)

372 (91.4)

292 (71.1)

237 (57.8)

<0.001

   Past

203 (16.5)

20 (4.9)

66 (16.1)

117 (28.5)

 

   Current

901 (73.4)

15 (3.7)

53 (12.9)

56 (13.7)

 

Education: >10 years

289 (23.4)

54 (13.1)

87 (21.2)

148 (36.0)

<0.001

   7–10 years

544 (44.1)

179 (43.5)

192 (46.7)

173 (42.1)

 

   1–6 years

337 (27.3)

142 (34.5)

112 (27.3)

83 (20.2)

 

   0 years

64 (5.2)

37 (9.0)

20 (4.9)

7 (1.7)

 

Depressive symptoms (%)

54 (4.4)

24 (5.8)

15 (3.6)

15 (3.7)

0.210

Stroke (%)

68 (5.7)

20 (5.0)

26 (6.6)

22 (5.7)

0.614

SBP (mmHg)

141.9 ± 18.6

143.4 ± 18.8

140.4 ± 17.4

141.8 ± 19.4

0.067

BMI (kg/m2)

27.3 ± 7.5

25.1 ± 4.0

26.5 ± 4.2

30.3 ± 11.1

<0.001

WC (cm)

90.9 ± 11.8

86.3 ± 10.2

90.6 ± 10.3

95.8 ± 12.7

<0.001

HC (cm)

100.6 ± 10.3

96.3 ± 8.4

99.9 ± 9.1

105.6 ± 11.0

<0.001

Body fat mass (kg)

25.9 ± 9.5

24.1 ± 7.6

24.9 ± 9.0

28.8 ± 11.1

<0.001

Fat-free mass (kg)

44.8 ± 9.7

35.4 ± 3.6

44.6 ± 4.6

54.4 ± 8.3

<0.001

FM/FFM ratio × 10−2

60.0 ± 0.24

68.7 ± 0.22

57.0 ± 0.23

54.3 ± 0.23

<0.001

SMI (kg/m2)

9.4 ± 7.6

7.8 ± 0.7

9.1 ± 0.6

11.2 ± 12.9

<0.001

UESM (kg/m2)

1.8 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.2

1.8 ± 0.2

2.1 ± 0.4

<0.001

LESM (kg/m2)

5.3 ± 0.9

4.3 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.3

6.3 ± 0.7

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

7.8 ± 1.6

7.8 ± 1.6

7.9 ± 1.5

7.9 ± 1.6

0.627

LDL-C (mmol/l)

2.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.9

2.7 ± 0.8

0.694

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

79.7 ± 26.9

84.5 ± 25.9

81.1 ± 25.7

73.5 ± 28.0

<0.001

UACR (mg/g)

25.0

19.0

22.3

42.7

<0.001

(IQR)

(7.1–116.)

(6.6–63.7)

(7.0–96.2)

(9.0–242.0)

 

Use of metformin (%)

1015 (82.5)

347 (84.2)

338 (82.4)

330 (80.7)

0.411

Use of Hypolipidemics (%)

1082 (87.9)

361 (87.6)

362 (88.3)

359 (87.8)

0.953

  1. DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; FM/FFM, fat to fat-free mass; SMI, skeletal mass index; UESM, upper extremity skeletal muscle mass; LESM, lower extremity skeletal muscle mass; HbA1c, Haemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate; uACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
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