Table 3 Crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of smoking, drinking alcohol, and obesity for Bell’s palsy in each stratified group according age and sex.

From: Bell’s palsy and obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking: A nested case-control study using a national health screening cohort

Characteristics

Crude model

Adjusted model

Crude

P-value

Adjusted†

P-value

<60 years old (n = 14,030)

Smoking

 

0.460

 

0.608

   Current smoker

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.393

1.02 (0.89–1.15)

0.811

   Past smoker

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

0.590

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

0.325

   Nonsmoker

1.00

 

1.00

 

Alcohol

 

0.002*

 

0.001*

   ≥3 times a week

0.84 (0.72–0.97)

0.020*

0.82 (0.71–0.96)

0.012*

   1–2 times a week

0.79 (0.69–0.90)

<0.001*

0.78 (0.68–0.89)

<0.001*

   2–3 times a month

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.378

0.94 (0.83–1.06)

0.298

   Nondrinker

1.00

 

1.00

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   Underweight

0.67 (0.44–1.01)

0.055

0.67 (0.44–1.01)

0.056

   Normal

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Overweight

1.24 (1.11–1.38)

<0.001*

1.24 (1.11–1.38)

<0.001*

   Obese I

1.23 (1.11–1.37)

<0.001*

1.24 (1.11–1.37)

<0.001*

   Obese II

1.65 (1.33–2.04)

<0.001*

1.66 (1.33–2.05)

<0.001*

≥60-year-old (n = 14,130)

Smoking

 

0.707

 

0.352

   Current smoker

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

0.862

1.10 (0.95–1.27)

0.197

   Past smoker

0.95 (0.81–1.10)

0.463

0.98 (0.84–1.14)

0.804

   Nonsmoker

1.00

 

1.00

 

Alcohol

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   ≥3 times a week

0.77 (0.66–0.89)

0.001*

0.76 (0.65–0.89)

0.001*

   1–2 times a week

0.78 (0.66–0.92)

0.003*

0.76 (0.64–0.90)

0.002*

   2–3 times a month

0.85 (0.73–0.99)

0.032*

0.84 (0.72–0.98)

0.025*

   Nondrinker

1.00

 

1.00

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   Underweight

0.58 (0.42–0.80)

0.001*

0.57 (0.41–0.79)

0.001*

   Normal

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Overweight

1.09 (0.97–1.21)

0.136

1.09 (0.98–1.22)

0.128

   Obese I

1.24 (1.11–1.37)

<0.001*

1.24 (1.12–1.38)

<0.001*

   Obese II

1.56 (1.26–1.93)

<0.001*

1.56 (1.26–1.94)

<0.001*

Men (n = 14,035)

Smoking

 

0.816

 

0.544

   Current smoker

0.97 (0.88–1.07)

0.577

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

0.319

   Past smoker

1.01 (0.90–1.12)

0.924

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

0.419

   Nonsmoker

1.00

 

1.00

 

Alcohol

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   ≥3 times a week

0.79 (0.71–0.89)

<0.001*

0.78 (0.69–0.88)

<0.001*

   1–2 times a week

0.77 (0.68–0.86)

<0.001*

0.75 (0.67–0.85)

<0.001*

   2–3 times a month

0.90 (0.80–1.02)

0.091

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.058

   Nondrinker

1.00

 

1.00

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   Underweight

0.62 (0.44–0.89)

0.008*

0.62 (0.43–0.88)

0.007*

   Normal

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Overweight

1.20 (1.08–1.34)

0.001*

1.20 (1.08–1.34)

0.001*

   Obese I

1.23 (1.11–1.37)

<0.001*

1.23 (1.11–1.37)

<0.001*

   Obese II

1.99 (1.57–2.51)

<0.001*

2.00 (1.58–2.53)

<0.001*

Women (n = 14,125)

Smoking

 

0.594

 

0.565

   Current smoker

1.00 (0.75–1.33)

0.984

1.07 (0.80–1.44)

0.629

   Past smoker

0.76 (0.45–1.28)

0.307

0.78 (0.46–1.31)

0.347

   Nonsmoker

1.00

 

1.00

 

Alcohol

 

0.247

 

0.206

   ≥3 times a week

0.87 (0.62–1.20)

0.382

0.86 (0.62–1.19)

0.356

   1–2 times a week

0.84 (0.66–1.06)

0.145

0.83 (0.65–1.05)

0.115

   2–3 times a month

0.90 (0.77–1.06)

0.197

0.90 (0.77–1.05)

0.186

   Nondrinker

1.00

 

1.00

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

   Underweight

0.60 (0.42–0.88)

0.008*

0.60 (0.42–0.87)

0.007*

   Normal

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Overweight

1.13 (1.01–1.25)

0.034*

1.13 (1.01–1.26)

0.033*

   Obese I

1.24 (1.12–1.37)

<0.001*

1.24 (1.12–1.38)

<0.001*

   Obese II

1.39 (1.14–1.70)

0.001*

1.39 (1.14–1.70)

0.001*

  1. BMI: body mass index, kg/m2.
  2. Underweight: <18.5, normal: ≥18.5 to <23, overweight: ≥23 to <25, obese I: ≥25 to <30, obese II: ≥30.
  3. *Conditional logistic regression analysis; significant at P < 0.05.
  4. †Models stratified by age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
  5. ‡Adjusted model of obesity, smoking state (current smokers and past smokers compared to nonsmokers), and frequency of drinking alcohol (≥3 times a week, 1–2 times a week, and 2–3 times a month compared to nondrinkers).
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