Figure 1

Metabolomic analysis of serum metabolites from rats. Rats were treated orally with chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cadmium (Cd) at doses of 1.7 and 0.7 mg/kg BW/day (low dose, L), 5 and 2 mg/kg BW/day (middle dose, M), and 15 and 6 mg/kg BW/day (high dose, H) and their combinations for 90 days. After the 90-day experimental treatment, blood samples were collected and the serum metabolites were determined by GC-MS. (A) The PLS-DA score plots of the serum metabolite profiles. Blank ellipse: control group; red ellipse: CPF-treated groups; blue ellipse: Cd-treated groups; green ellipse: CPF plus Cd-treated groups. t[1] indicated the first principal component; t[2] indicated the second principal component. (B) The hierarchically clustered heat map of the levels of 9 serum metabolites which changed significantly in the treated rats. The abbreviated letters and symbols in the upper and lower lines just above the heat map represent the CPF and Cd treatments respectively; “–” represents without treatment; L, M, and H represent the treatment with the corresponding chemicals, respectively, at low, middle, and high doses. The numbers on the left of the map represent the changed metabolites: 1: Propanoic acid; 2: Serine; 3: Aminomalonic acid; 4: Cysteine; 5: Glutamine; 6: Acetyl glutamine; 7: Fructose; 8: Gluconic acid; 9: Myo-inositol.