Table 1 Concentration of heavy metals/metalloid in the brown rice.

Element (mg kg⁻¹)	Treatment				ML^*	Standard^**
Element (mg kg⁻¹)	R1	R2	R3	Control	ML^*	Standard^**
As	0.18 ± 0.01^ab	0.16 ± 0.03^b	0.18 ± 0.01^b	0.21 ± 0.01^a	0.35	2
Cr	0.04 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.02	NA	NA
Cu	5.01 ± 0.52^bc	4.61 ± 0.41^c	5.82 ± 0.26^a	5.51 ± 0.12^ab	NA	NA
Cd	0.03 ± 0.01^ab	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.4	1
Pb	0.07 ± 0.05	0.07 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.2	3
Zn	21.7 ± 0.65^ab	21.9 ± 1.86^a	23.3 ± 1.58^a	18.6 ± 0.94^b	NA	NA

^*Maximum levels for contaminants and toxin in foods¹⁶; ^**Japanese standard for animal feed¹⁷; NA: not available; Different letters in a row indicate significant difference (p < 0.05), whereas similar letters and no letter indicate no significant difference among treatments.

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