Table 3 Risk factors associated with treatment success and failure among patients with Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection.

From: Genomic characterization and outcome of prosthetic joint infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

 

Success

Failure

p-valuea

OR for failure (95% CI)b

Age, years, median (range)

72.5 (48–91)

75 (39–92)

0.39

 

Age ≥ 80

22.0% (11/50)

36.7% (18/49)

0.11

1.96 (0.74–5.17)

Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2)

35.4% (17/48)

22.4% (11/49)

0.15

 

Sex (female)

52.0% (26/50)

49.0% (24/49)

0.76

 

Hemoglobin, g/L, median (range)

124.5 (82–153)

123.0 (83–166)

0.54

 

ASA ≥ 3

36.0% (18/50)

63.2% (31/49)

0.007

3.61 (1.45–9.01)

Active smoking

10.0% (5/50)

10.2% (5/49)

1.00

 

COPD

8.0% (4/50)

10.2% (5/49)

0.74

 

Autoimmune diseasec

10.0% (5/50)

22.4% (11/49)

0.02

5.58 (1.37–22.65)

Diabetes

6.0% (3/50)

16.3% (8/49)

0.12

 

Immunosuppression

10.0% (5/50)

16.3% (8/49)

0.39

 

Drug abuse

0.0% (0/50)

6.1% (3/49)

0.12

 

Malignancy

0.0% (0/50)

4.1% (2/49)

0.24

 

Prior surgery

22.0% (11/50)

32.7% 16/49)

0.23

 

Localization

Hip

68.0% (34/50)

69.4% (34/49)

0.88

 

Knee

32.0% (16/50)

30.6% (15/49)

  

Indication for surgeryd

Osteoarthritis

72.0% (36/50)

56.5% (26/46)

0.11

Reference

Rheumatoid arthritis

4.0% (2/50)

4.3% (2/46)

0.93

1.47 (0.18–11.11)

Aseptic loosening

4.0% (2/50)

0% (0/49)

0.27

*

Fracture

16.0% (8/50)

21.7% (10/46)

0.47

1.72 (0.55–5.26)

Type of implant

Cemented

94.0% (47/50)

93.9% (46/49)

0.98

 

Uncemented

6.0% (3/50)

6.1% (3/49)

  

Type of surgery

Primary

84.0% (42/50)

79.6% (39/49)

0.57

 

Revision

16.0% (8/50)

20.4% (10/49)

  

Classification

Early

78.0% (39/50)

36.7% (18/49)

0.001

0.02 (0.00–0.19)

Chronic

0.0% (0/50)

34.7% (17/49)

0.001

Reference

Late acute

22.0% (11/50)

28.6% (14/49)

0.45

0.07 (0.01–0.63)

Positive blood culture

No

48.0% (24/50)

40.8% (20/49)

0.47

 

Yes

36.0% (18/50)

32.7% (16/49)

0.73

 

Yes (>4 weeks before infection)

0.0% (0/50)

12.2% (6/49)

0.12

 

No sample

16.0% (8/50)

14.3% (7/49)

0.812

 

Symptoms at diagnosis

Wound secretion

70.0% (35/50)

49.0% (24/49)

0.03

0.40 (0.18–0.93)

Pain

32.0% (16/50)

87.8% (43/49)

0.02

3.89 (1.32–11.45)

Fever

56.0% (28/50)

49.0% (24/49)

0.48

 

Redness

66.0% (33/50)

55.1% (27/49)

0.31

 

Sinus tract

14.0% (7/50)

22.4% (11/38)

0.31

 

C-reactive protein, high (>150 mg/L)

50.0% (25/50)

46.9% (23/49)

0.84

 

Blood, leukocyte cell count (>15 × 109/L)

20.9% (9/43)

29.5% (14/44)

0.26

 

Change of mobile components

70.0% (35/50)

65.3% (32/49)

0.69

 

>1 DAIR

10.0% (5/50)

12.2% (6/49)

0.72

 

Biofilm-active treatment

90.0%(45/50)

33.8% (23/49)

0.001

0.09 (0.03–0.28)

Guideline-compliant treatment +

84.0%(42/50)

73.9% (34/46)

0.22

 

Polymicrobial PJI

38.0% (19/50)

8.2% (4/49)

0.001

0.13 (0.04–0.44)

S. aureus antibiotic resistance

0.0% (0/50)

18.3% (9/49)

0.001

 
  1. aχ2-test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann–Whitney U test.
  2. bCovariates with possible associations (p < 0.12) were entered into logistic regression model with adjustments for sex and age. Odds ratios with p-values <0.05 are in bold.
  3. cRheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis.
  4. dTen patients had other indications.
  5. *Too few patients to perform a valid statistical analysis.
  6. +Three patients who died before oral treatment stopped were excluded.
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