Table 4 Risk factors for microbiologically persistent Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection.

From: Genomic characterization and outcome of prosthetic joint infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

 

Eradicated

Non-eradicated

p-valuea

OR for non-eradication (95% CI)b

Age, years, median (range)

73 (46–91)

76.5 (39–92)

0.22

 

Age ≥ 80

18.6% (12/59)

42.5% (17/40)

0.013

3.83 (1.44–10.23)

Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2)

33.3% (19/57)

22.5% (9/40)

0.25

 

Sex (female)

54.2% (32/59)

45.0% (18/40)

0.37

 

Hemoglobin, g/L, median (range)

124 (82–153)

123 (83–166)

0.40

 

ASA ≥ 3

39.0% (23/59)

65.0% (26/40)

0.01

3.30 (1.30–8.35)

Active smoking

10.2% (6/59)

10.0% (4/40)

1.00

 

COPD

8.5% (5/59)

10.0% (4/40)

1.00

 

Autoimmune disease

10.2% (6/59)

20.0% (8/40)

0.17

 

Diabetes

8.5% (5/59)

15.0% (6/40)

0.34

 

Immunosuppressionc

11.9% (7/52)

15.0% (6/40)

0.65

 

Drug abuse

1.7% (1/59)

5.0% (2/40)

0.56

 

Malignancy

1.7% (1/59)

5.0% (2/40)

0.56

 

Prior surgery

25.4% (15/44)

30.0% (12/40)

0.62

 

Localization

Hip

60.3% (41/68)

39.7% (27/68)

0.83

 

Knee

58.1% (18/31)

41.9% (13/31)

  

Indication for surgeryd

Osteoarthritis

72.9% (43/ 59)

51.4% (19/37)

0.05

Reference

Rheumatoid arthritis

3.4% (2/57)

5.4% (2/37)

0.64

2.27 (0.29–17.97)

Aseptic loosening

3.4% (2/59)

0.0% (0/39)

0.52

*

Fracture

13.6% (8/59)

27.0% (10/37)

0.10

2.56 (0.84–7.82)

Type of implant

Cemented

94.9% (56/59)

92.5% (3/40)

0.62

 

Uncemented

5.1% (3/59)

7.5% (3/40)

  

Type of surgery

Primary

83.1% (49/59)

80.% (32/40)

0.70

 

Revision

16.9% (10/59)

20.0% (8/40)

  

Classification

Early

67.8% (40/59)

42.5% (17/40)

0.02

0.31 (0.10–0.95)

Chronic

11.9% (7/59)

25.0% (10/40)

0.19

Reference

Late acute

20.3% (12/59)

32.5% (13/40)

0.23

0.87 (0.25–3.00)

Positive blood culture

No

45.8% (27/59)

42.5% (17/40)

0.75

 

Yes

32.2% (19/59)

37.5% (15/40)

0.59

 

Yes (>4 weeks before infection)

3.9% (2/59)

10.0% (4/40)

0.18

 

No sample

18.6% (11/59)

10.0% (4/40)

0.24

 

Symptoms at diagnosis

Wound secretion

66.1% (39/59)

50.0% (20/40)

0.11

0.49 (0.21–1.13)

Pain

71.2% (42/59)

87.5% (35/40)

0.06

3.59 (1.15–11.24)

Fever

54.2% (32/59)

50.0% (20/20)

0.68

 

Redness

61.0% (36/59)

60.0% (24/40)

0.92

 

Sinus tract

16.9% (10/59)

20.0% (8/40)

0.70

 

C-reactive protein High (>150 mg/L)

181.9/ 137.9

167.4/156.0

0.86

 

Blood, leukocyte cell count (>15 × 109/L)

25.5% (1/51)

33.3% (12/36)

0.48

 

Change of mobile components

74.6% (44/59)

57.5% (23/40)

0.08

0.46 (0.19–1.09)

>1 DAIR

8.5% (5/59)

15.0% (6/40)

0.31

 

Biofilm-active treatment

79.7% (47/59)

47.5% (19/40)

0.004

0.70 (0.11–0.70)

Guideline-compliant treatment+

84.7% (50/59)

70.3% (26/37)

0.09

0.42 (0.16–1.12)

Polymicrobial PJI

33.9% (20/59)

7.5% (3/40)

0.003

0.13 (0.04–0.50)

S. aureus antibiotic resistance

1.7% (1/59)

20.0% (8/40)

0.003

15.99 (1.88–135.91)

  1. aχ2-test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann–Whitney U test.
  2. bCovariates with possible associations (p < 0.12) were entered into logistic regression model with adjustments for sex and age. Odds ratios with p-values <0.05 are in bold.
  3. cRheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis.
  4. dTen patients had other indications.
  5. *Too few patients to perform a valid statistical analysis.
  6. +Three patients who died before oral treatment stopped were excluded.
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