Figure 3
From: Shut down of the South American summer monsoon during the penultimate glacial
Regional comparison during the last 180 ka. (a) Speleothem records (Botuverá (black) and Santana (gray))9,42 plotted with insolation (W/m2) at latitude 23°52′03″S using La200486 (red dashed line). (b) Arboreal pollen percentages (AP) from Colônia (CO3 and CO14). (c) Percentage curve of the sum of cool moist conifers Araucaria and Podocarpus; the black star locates the last continuous occurrence of Araucaria, and asterisk represents ca. 60% of Podocarpus (see Methods section). (d) Land-sea temperature gradient. (e) pCO2 (Lüthi et al.89). (f) Total ice volume represented in m s.e. (meters sea-level equivalent) for the Antarctic ice sheet45. The marine isotopic stage boundaries ages are based on the LR04 δ18O stack38,87. The boundary between MIS 5 and 6 is based on Henderson and Slowey88. Pink bands highlight the maximum insolation peaks of influence of the SASM system during the last 95 ka. The blue band also highlights the maximum insolation peak but emphasises the differences in Colônia’s proxies compared with the regional datasets.
