Table 2 Association of yoga-treatment versus non-yoga treatment with ADA cut-offs and Logistic regression at follow-up.

From: Yoga-based lifestyle treatment and composite treatment goals in Type 2 Diabetes in a rural South Indian setup- a retrospective study

Outcome

Baseline

Follow up

Logistic Regression analysis

Yoga, n (%)

Non-Yoga, n (%)

P Value

Yoga, n (%)

Non-Yoga, n (%)

P Value

Adjusted OR

Adjusted CI

P Value

A1c target

<7%

34(46.58)

32(43.84)

0.868

40(54.79)

27(36.99)

0.046

2.44

1.19–5.00

0.015

≥7%

39(53.42)

41(56.16)

 

33(45.21)

46(63.01)

 

1(ref)

  

BP1

<130/80 mm Hg

16(21.92)

11(15.07)

0.286

25(34.25)

6 (8.22)

<0.0001

6.37

2.24–18.08

0.001

≥ 130/80 mm Hg

57(78.08)

62(84.93)

 

48(65.75)

67(91.78)

 

1(ref)

  

BP2

<140/90 mmHg

44 (60.27)

33(45.21)

0.097

62(84.93)

29(39.73)

<0.0001

8.28

3.52–19.48

<0.0001

≥140/90 mm Hg

29 (39.73)

40(54.79)

 

11(15.07)

44(60.27)

 

1(ref)

  

LDL-c target

<100 mg/dl

38(52.05)

38(52.05)

1.000

40(54.79)

28(38.36)

0.068

2.22

1.06–4.68

0.035

≥ 100 mg/dl)

35(47.95)

35(47.95)

 

33(45.21)

45(61.64)

 

1(ref)

  

Composite Score 1

Favourable

5(6.85)

4(5.48)

0.712

7(9.59)

1(1.37)

0.013

10.20

0.69–174.19

0.060

Unfavourable

68(93.15)

69(94.52)

 

66(90.41)

72(98.63)

 

1(ref)

  

Composite Score 2

Favourable

11(15.07)

10(13.70)

1.000

20(27.40)

4(5.48)

0.001

8.22

2.02–33.49

0.003

Unfavourable

62(84.93)

63(86.30)

 

53(72.60)

69(94.52)

 

1(ref)

  

BMI

<23 Kg/m2

6(8.22)

15(20.55)

0.057

11(15.07)

5(6.85)

0.184

61.73

3.19–1193

0.006

≥23 Kg/m2

67(91.78)

58(79.45)

 

62(84.93)

68(93.15)

 

1(ref)

  
  1. OR, Odds ratio; OR (A1c target) for yoga vs. non-yoga groups, adjusted for age, sex, occupation, BMI at baseline, duration of diabetes, glycaemic indices, (FBS, PPBS and A1c) at baseline and intake of oral hypoglycaemic drug, BP, Blood pressure
  2. OR(BP targets) for yoga vs. non-yoga groups adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, socioeconomic status, SBP and DBP at baseline; and medication for blood pressure.
  3. OR(LDL-c target) for yoga vs. non-yoga groups adjusted for age, sex, occupation, duration of diabetes, BMI, LDL-c, TG, TC and HDL-c at baseline, * additionally adjusted for lipid lowering drugs.
  4. OR(BMI) for yoga vs. non-yoga groups adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, education, smoking status and alcohol consumption, and BMI Values at baseline
  5. Ref: Reference group, non-yoga treatment group
  6. Composite score 1(favourable): A1c < 7.0%, BP1 < 130/80 mm Hg, LDL-c < 100 mg/dl, additionally adjusted for baseline glucose, lipid values and BMI values, and medications.
  7. Composite Score 2 (favourable): A1c < 7.0%, BP2 < 140/90 mm Hg, LDL-c < 100 mg/dl.
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