Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population, 111 males and 107 females.

From: Longitudinal relationship of amino acids and indole metabolites with long-term body mass index and cardiometabolic risk markers in young individuals

 

n (males, females)

Male

Female

p-value

BMI trajectory groupsa

   

<0.001

Overweight

111, 107

16 (14)

  

High-normal weight

111, 107

40 (36)

30 (28)

 

Mid-normal weight

111, 107

33 (30)

40 (37)

 

Low-normal weight

111, 107

22 (20)

37 (35)

 

Urine sampling at ages 9, 17, and 18a

111, 107

57 (51)

64 (60)

0.201

Cardiometabolic risk markers in late adolescence–young adulthoodb

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

111, 106

118 (110, 128)

110 (104, 118)

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

111, 106

72 (66, 78)

70 (64, 76)

0.101

Serum triglyceride, mg/dL

106, 102

79 (60, 112)

89 (68, 113)

0.746

Serum HDL-C, mg/dL

108, 103

49 (41, 58)

65 (55, 73)

<0.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL

111, 105

95 (88, 100)

90 (86, 95)

<0.001

C-reactive protein, mg/dL

111, 106

0.05 (0.03, 0.14)

0.12 (0.06, 0.26)

<0.001

Interleukin-6, pg/mL

110, 106

0.7 (0.50, 1.04)

0.68 (0.48, 1.08)

0.827

Interleukin-18, pg/mL

109, 106

254.90 (210.51, 308.49)

247.92 (205.39, 306.55)

0.784

Adiponectin, ng/mL

110, 105

5910 (4389, 9241)

8758 (6512, 12976)

<0.001

Chemerin, ng/mL

111, 106

140.86 (122.46, 162,52)

166.99 (149.66, 189.12)

<0.001

Leptin, pg/mL

111, 102

2402 (1122, 5097)

12385 (8290, 19967)

<0.001

Dietary intake and physical activity

Energy, kcal/dayb

108, 102

2483 (2232, 2805)

1836 (1642, 2034)

<0.001

Protein, g/dayb

108, 102

84.62 (75.14, 94.40)

59.21 (53.21, 67.71)

<0.001

Protein (%Energy)a

108, 102

13.52 (12.72, 14.57)

13.54 (12.20, 14.44)

0.347

Physical activity, metabolic equivalent task, hours/weekb

105, 99

53.82 (30.00, 68.65)

33.75 (17.95, 47.71)

<0.001

Prenatal, birth, and early life

Birth weight, gb

111, 107

3580 (3210, 3850)

3380 (3100, 3680)

<0.001

Birth length, cmb

111, 107

52 (51, 54)

51 (50, 53)

<0.001

Maternal BMI, kg/m2b

109, 107

22.94 (21.11, 26.09)

22.47 (20.59, 25.47)

0.387

Maternal gestational weight gain, kgb

108, 106

12 (10, 15)

12.5 (10, 15)

0.362

Breastfeeding duration, weeksb

111, 107

23 (8, 35)

26 (7, 34)

0.943

First-born childa

111, 107

65 (59)

65 (61)

0.264

Maternal education, higha

79, 96

75 (95)

87 (91)

0.826

Maternal employment, employeda

78, 96

14 (13)

34 (32)

<0.001

Smoking householda

82, 88

23 (28)

25 (28)

0.882

  1. an(%); bMedian (25th percentile, 75th percentile). n = count, % = percentage, BMI = Body mass index, HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
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