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Figure 1

From: Kairomone-like activity of bile and bile components: A step towards revealing the chemical nature of fish kairomone

Figure 1

Bile and bile salts induce changes in the Daphnia magna life history. Effect of ox bile (Ox) and bile salts (BS) on D. magna life history: size at first reproduction (a), age at first reproduction (b), offspring number (c), body length of neonates (d) and reproductive effort (e). As a reference, we show control treatment with no addition of any compounds (control). Results are presented as boxes bisected at the median value with minimal and maximal whiskers. Letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups. Results of Kruskall-Wallis (H and p) as well as p of Dunn’s post hoc test are presented in the Table S2 in the Supporting information.

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