Figure 4

Infrared image of ∇T on a chip (A) without liquid flow and (B) with the ν of ≈ 0.5 µL·s-1. (C) The extracted temperature as a function of L with the slope representing the ∇T. Black line and red line represent ν of 0 µL·s-1 and ≈ 0.5 µL·s-1, respectively. Inset: the plot of difference in extracted values with and without ν.