Table 3 Association Between Milk Consumption and Undernutrition in the Poorest and Wealthiest Quintile.

From: Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months

z-scores

Unadjusted (1)

Adjusted (2)

Adjusted (3)

Weight-for-height

Weight-for-age

Height-for-age

Weight-for-height

Weight-for-age

Height-for-age

Weight-for-height

Weight-for-age

Height-for-age

Milk consumption

Poorest quintile

 

−0.0125

−0.0640***

−0.0937***

−0.0026

0.0320**

0.0431**

0.0098

0.0080

0.0241

CI 95%

[−0.03,0.01]

[−0.08,−0.05]

[−0.11,−0.07]

[−0.02,0.02]

[0.01,0.05]

[0.02,0.07]

[−0.02,0.04]

[−0.02,0.04]

[−0.01,0.06]

P

0.1744

0.0000

0.0000

0.7812

0.0053

0.0027

0.4624

0.5756

0.1946

Wealthiest quintile

 

0.3115***

0.6667***

0.7234***

0.0198

0.0904***

0.1288***

−0.0081

0.0477**

0.1074***

CI 95%

[0.30,0.32]

[0.65,0.68]

[0.71,0.74]

[−0.02,0.06]

[0.04,0.14]

[0.10,0.16]

[−0.04,0.03]

[0.01,0.08]

[0.07,0.14]

P

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.3297

0.0003

0.0000

0.6619

0.0057

0.0000

N

843,326

872,435

849,017

668,463

693,376

673,177

487,289

500,389

490,227

Moderate Undernutrition

Wasting

Underweight

Stunting

Wasting

Underweight

Stunting

Wasting

Underweight

Stunting

Milk consumption (AMEs)

Poorest quintile

 

0.0046**

0.0232***

0.0217***

−0.0105

−0.0179***

−0.0146***

−0.0130

−0.0058

−0.0060

CI 95%

[0.00,0.01]

[0.02,0.03]

[0.02,0.03]

[−0.02,0.00]

[−0.03,−0.01]

[−0.02,−0.01]

[−0.03,0.00]

[−0.02,0.01]

[−0.01,0.00]

P

0.0077

0.0000

0.0000

0.0756

0.0006

0.0004

0.0534

0.3222

0.1869

Wealthiest quintile

 

−0.0383***

−0.1362***

−0.1990***

−0.0117*

−0.0332***

−0.0431***

−0.0016

−0.0211***

−0.0336***

CI 95%

[−0.04,−0.04]

[−0.14,−0.13]

[−0.20,−0.20]

[−0.02,−0.00]

[−0.04,−0.02]

[−0.05,−0.04]

[−0.01,0.01]

[−0.03,−0.01]

[−0.04,−0.02]

P

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0156

0.0000

0.0000

0.7953

0.0002

0.0000

N

843,326

872,435

849,017

321,811

462,182

541,362

203,459

301,037

371,499

Severe Undernutrition

Sev. Wasting

Sev. Underweight

Sev. Stunting

Sev. Wasting

Sev. Underweight

Sev. Stunting

Sev. Wasting

Sev. Underweight

Sev. Stunting

Milk consumption (AMEs)

Poorest quintile

 

0.0024*

0.0170***

0.0155***

0.0098

−0.0078

−0.0144**

0.0001

−0.0040

−0.0068

CI 95%

[0.00,0.00]

[0.01,0.02]

[0.01,0.02]

[−0.01,0.03]

[−0.02,0.01]

[−0.02,−0.00]

[−0.02,0.02]

[−0.02,0.01]

[−0.02,0.00]

P

0.0206

0.0000

0.0000

0.2862

0.2709

0.0039

0.9930

0.6171

0.2239

Wealthiest quintile

 

−0.0156***

−0.0612***

−0.1220***

−0.0165*

−0.0401***

−0.0381***

−0.0180

−0.0219*

−0.0255***

CI 95%

[−0.02,−0.01]

[−0.06,−0.06]

[−0.12,−0.12]

[−0.03,−0.00]

[−0.05,−0.03]

[−0.05,−0.03]

[−0.04,0.00]

[−0.04,−0.00]

[−0.04,−0.01]

P

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0273

0.0000

0.0000

0.0518

0.0126

0.0003

N

843,326

872,435

849,017

184,153

295,216

421,668

103,625

172,319

274,003

  1. Covariates in adjusted models: Sex of child, age of child, birth order, part of a multiple birth, child currently breastfed, duration of breastfeeding in months, education of mother, age of mother at birth, current partnership status of mother, wealth quintiles. Third specification additionally controls for a minimum acceptable diet. All adjusted models include fixed effects on the PSU level. AMEs are based on logistic regression in the first specification and on conditional logistic regression in the second and third specification. Standard errors are clustered at the PSU-level. Standard errors of adjusted models for continuous outcomes are clustered on the country level. Estimates are unweighted.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
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