Figure 8
From: Innate Immune Functions of Astrocytes are Dependent Upon Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha
The self-regulatory mechanisms underlying pro-inflammatory cytokine production following TLR2/4 activation. Feedback pathways were determined by quantifying mRNA production of each pro-inflammatory cytokine following stimulation with bacterial LPS. Arrow thickness indicates the relative magnitude of peak production. Black arrows indicate direct production of mediators by astrocytes; gray arrows indicate mechanisms of self-regulation, as determined by the effect of various knockouts on cytokine expression. Arrows with pointed heads indicate positive regulation, while arrows with flat, perpendicular lines indicate negative regulation. White dots on astrocytes represent GFAP expression.
