Table 1 Baseline demographics, clinical and left ventricular parameters for all subjects and by age groups.

From: Reference Ranges for Left Ventricular Curvedness and Curvedness-Based Functional Indices Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Healthy Asian Subjects

Parameters

Total (n = 171)

≤44 (Young) (n = 66)

45–64 (Mid-age) (n = 38)

65–74 (Young-Old) (n = 53)

75–84 (Medium-Old) (n = 14)

P Value

Male, n (%)

83 (48.5%)

30 (45.5%)

16 (42.1%)

30 (56.6%)

7 (50.0%)

NS

Age, years (range)

52 ± 19 (20–84)

31 ± 7 (20–44)

55 ± 6* (45–64)

70 ± 3*# (65–74)

76 ± 1*#§ (75–84)

<0.001

Ethnicity, n (%)

     

0.001

    Chinese

154 (90.1%)

53 (80.3%)

34 (89.5%)

53 (100%)

14 (100%)

 

    Malay

7 (4.1%)

5 (7.6%)

2 (5.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

    Indian

2 (1.2%)

1 (1.5%)

1 (2.6%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

    Others

8 (4.7%)

6 (9.1%)

1 (2.6%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

Smoking, n (%)

     

0.001

    Never

160 (93.6%)

65 (98.5%)

37 (97.4%)

46 (86.8%)

12 (85.7%)

 

    Current

8 (4.7%)

1 (1.5%)

1 (2.6%)

6 (11.3%)

0 (0%)

 

    Past

3 (1.8%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.9%)

2 (14.3%)

 

Height, cm

163 ± 9

165 ± 10

162 ± 7

162 ± 8

158 ± 7*

0.008

Weight, kg

61 ± 12

63 ± 15

64 ± 12

59 ± 9

55 ± 7

0.042

Body surface area, m2

1.66 ± 0.20

1.70 ± 0.25

1.69 ± 0.19

1.63 ± 0.15

1.54 ± 0.11*

0.022

Body mass index, kg/m2

23.0 ± 3.3

22.9 ± 3.5

24.0 ± 3.3

22.6 ± 2.9

22.2 ± 3.4

0.205

SBP, mmHg

135 ± 20

126 ± 15

130 ± 18

146 ± 20*#

146 ± 22*#

<0.001

DBP, mmHg

77 ± 10

75 ± 11

79 ± 9

79 ± 10

74 ± 8

0.056

Heart rate, bpm

76 ± 12

77 ± 12

74 ± 12

76 ± 13

79 ± 11

0.526

LV EDV index, ml/m2

69 ± 11

74 ± 10

70 ± 10

66 ± 10*

55 ± 8*#§

<0.001

LV ESV index, ml/m2

25 ± 7

28 ± 7

24 ± 5*

24 ± 7*

18 ± 4*#§

<0.001

LV stroke volume index, ml/m2

44 ± 7

45 ± 6

46 ± 8

42 ± 6

37 ± 7*#§

<0.001

LV ejection fraction, %

64 ± 6

62 ± 6

64 ± 6

64 ± 7

67 ± 6*

0.011

LV mass index, g/m2

45 ± 11

45 ± 11

47 ± 10

45 ± 11

39 ± 7

0.151

LV mass-to-volume ratio, g/ml

0.65 ± 0.16

0.61 ± 0.15

0.66 ± 0.15

0.69 ± 0.16*

0.72 ± 0.11

0.017

ED curvedness, mm−1

0.041 ± 0.004

0.040 ± 0.004

0.041 ± 0.004

0.040 ± 0.004

0.043 ± 0.003

0.072

ES curvedness, mm−1

0.068 ± 0.011

0.066 ± 0.011

0.069 ± 0.009

0.068 ± 0.011§

0.078 ± 0.012*#§

0.002

ED wall thickness, mm

4.92 ± 0.77

4.80 ± 0.78

4.92 ± 0.67

5.03 ± 0.80

5.01 ± 0.80

0.425

ES wall thickness, mm

7.75 ± 1.22

7.46 ± 1.20

7.88 ± 0.92

7.95 ± 1.34

8.08 ± 1.42

0.089

ED wall stress index

2.72 ± 0.46

2.83 ± 0.45

2.69 ± 0.44

2.69 ± 0.46

2.48 ± 0.46

0.049

ES wall stress index

0.99 ± 0.24

1.07 ± 0.23

0.93 ± 0.16*

0.96 ± 0.25*

0.83 ± 0.25*

<0.001

Peak systolic wall stress, 1000 N/m2

15.7 ± 3.6

16.0 ± 3.5

14.1 ± 2.0

16.6 ± 3.9#

14.2 ± 3.8

0.005

Area strain, %

69 ± 11

66 ± 10

71 ± 8

69 ± 12

79 ± 13*#§

<0.001

  1. Data were represented as mean ± SD or percentage. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LV: left ventricle; ED: end-diastolic; ES: end-systolic; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume. P value is from one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) across the four age groups with Bonferroni test, a P value of 0.05 was considered significant. *Significant difference compared to Young group; #significant difference compared to Mid-age group; §significant difference compared to Young-Old group.
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