Table 2 Comparison of demographics and 3D regional parameters by gender.

Age, years

53 ± 19

50 ± 19

0.297

Height, cm

169 ± 7

157 ± 6

<0.001

Weight, kg

67 ± 12

56 ± 10

<0.001

Body surface area, m²

1.77 ± 0.19

1.55 ± 0.15

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

23.5 ± 3.2

22.4 ± 3.2

0.026

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

140 ± 18

130 ± 21

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

81 ± 9

73 ± 10

<0.001

Heart rate, bpm

77 ± 12

76 ± 12

0.423

LV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m²

71 ± 12

67 ± 10

0.013

LV end-systolic volume index, ml/m²

26 ± 7

24 ± 7

0.031

LV stroke volume index, ml/m²

45 ± 7

43 ± 6

0.058

LV ejection fraction, %

63 ± 6

64 ± 6

0.414

LV mass index, g/m²

51 ± 10

39 ± 7

<0.001

LV mass-to-volume ratio, g/ml

0.72 ± 0.16

0.59 ± 0.12

<0.001

ED curvedness (C_ED), mm⁻¹

0.039 ± 0.004

0.042 ± 0.004

<0.001

ES curvedness (C_ES), mm⁻¹

0.066 ± 0.011

0.071 ± 0.010

0.003

ED wall thickness (WT_ED), mm

5.33 ± 0.61

4.53 ± 0.70

<0.001

ES wall thickness (WT_ES), mm

8.20 ± 1.07

7.33 ± 1.21

<0.001

ED wall stress index (σ_i,ED)

2.55 ± 0.38

2.89 ± 0.47

<0.001

ES wall stress index (σ_i,ES)

0.96 ± 0.23

1.01 ± 0.24

0.114

Peak systolic wall stress (σ_ES), 1000 N /m²

15.8 ± 3.7

15.6 ± 3.5

0.670

Area strain (AS), %

67 ± 11

72 ± 11

0.001