Table 6 Comparison of demographics and curvature-based left ventricular (LV) parameters between heathy subjects and heart failure patients.

Age, years (range)

52 ± 19 (20–84)

58 ± 14 (37–77)

59 ± 13 (38–75)

57 ± 11 (35–76)

0.366

Male, n (%)

83 (48.5%)

8 (80.0%)

7 (70.0%)

7 (70.0%)

0.087

Height, cm

163 ± 9

163 ± 7

162 ± 7

165 ± 12

0.923

Weight, kg

61 ± 12

73 ± 14

73 ± 17*

82 ± 21*

<0.001

Body surface area, m²

1.66 ± 0.20

1.81 ± 0.20

1.80 ± 0.20

1.92 ± 0.29*

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

135 ± 20

135 ± 27

135 ± 22

130 ± 26

0.913

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

77 ± 10

73 ± 26

70 ± 13

82 ± 18

0.144

Heart rate, bpm

76 ± 12

65 ± 14*

74 ± 23

81 ± 16^#

0.026

LV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m²

69 ± 11

84 ± 12*

97 ± 25*

125 ± 25*^#$

<0.001

LV end-systolic volume index, ml/m²

25 ± 7

36 ± 6*

55 ± 14*^#

92 ± 24*^#$

<0.001

LV stroke volume index, ml/m²

44 ± 7

48 ± 7

42 ± 11

33 ± 6*^#$

<0.001

LV ejection fraction, %

64 ± 6

56 ± 4*

43 ± 2*^#

27 ± 7*^#$

<0.001

LV mass index, g/m²

45 ± 11

71 ± 23*

68 ± 19*

75 ± 24*

<0.001

LV mass-to-volume ratio, g/ml

0.65 ± 0.16

0.85 ± 0.25*

0.72 ± 0.21

0.61 ± 0.16^#

0.005

ED curvedness (C_ED), mm⁻¹

0.041 ± 0.004

0.034 ± 0.002*

0.033 ± 0.004*

0.028 ± 0.003*^#

<0.001

ES curvedness (C_ES), mm⁻¹

0.068 ± 0.011

0.053 ± 0.007*

0.044 ± 0.007*

0.033 ± 0.004*^#

<0.001

ED wall thickness (WT_ED), mm

4.92 ± 0.77

7.59 ± 2.21*

6.39 ± 1.21*^#

6.86 ± 1.88*

<0.001

ES wall thickness (WT_ES), mm

7.75 ± 1.23

12.09 ± 2.61*

9.22 ± 2.12*^#

8.27 ± 2.36^#

<0.001

ED wall stress index (σ_i,ED)

2.72 ± 0.46

2.19 ± 0.63*

2.66 ± 0.75

2.93 ± 0.88

0.008

ES wall stress index (σ_i,ES)

0.99 ± 0.24

0.73 ± 0.15*

1.34 ± 0.60*^#

2.03 ± 0.64*^#$

<0.001

Peak systolic wall stress (σ_ES), 1000 N/m²

15.7 ± 3.6

11.5 ± 2.3*

20.6 ± 6.6*^#

30.8 ± 10.9*^#$

<0.001

Area strain (AS), %

69 ± 11

64 ± 12

43 ± 9*^#

21 ± 7*^#$

<0.001