Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Ionisation processes and laser induced periodic surface structures in dielectrics with mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses

Figure 4

(a) MVED at various wavelengths and laser (peak) intensities (white line defines OBT). (b) Electron density evolution for λL = 2.6 μm and I = 1.26 × 1013 W/cm2 with and without Kerr effect. Laser pulse is shown in arbitrary units (green line). (c) MVED dependence on laser intensity (Results are shown for λL = 2 μm, 2.5 μm, 3 μm, 3.5 m and 4 μm). Inset illustrates the influence of impact ionisation. (d) Percentage change of MVED if Kerr effect is considered (\(\Delta {N}_{e}=({N}_{e}-{N}_{e}^{(Kerr)})\)). (τp = 170 fs).

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