Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to NAFLD status and study (Tongmei and Kailuan).

From: Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Characteristic

Tongmei cross-sectional population (2013)

Kailuan cohort at baseline (2006–2007)

All† (n = 2153)

Normal liver‡ status (n = 1515)

Fatty liver‡ status (n = 638)

Crude OR§ (95% CI)

All† (n = 19587)

Normal liver‡ status (n = 15011)

Fatty liver‡ status(n = 4576)

Crude HR(95% CI)

Sex

    Women

533 (24.76%)

414 (77.67%)

119 (22.33%)

1

9176 (46.85%)

6643 (72.40%)

2533 (27.60%)

1

    Men

1620 (75.24%)

1101 (67.96%)

519 (32.04%)

1.64 (1.30–2.06)

10411 (53.15%)

8368 (80.38%)

2043 (19.62%)

0.77 (0.73–0.82)

    Statistics(P value)

 

18.14 (<0.0001)

   

75.37 (<0.0001)

  

Age (Years)

41.44 (8.75)

40.76 (8.66)

43.06 (8.75)

 

52.70 (12.32)

53.07 (12.88)

51.51 (10.19)

 

    <45

1321 (61.36%)

994 (75.25%)

327 (24.75%)

1

5127 (26.18%)

3973 (77.49%)

1154 (22.51%)

1

    45–<55

725 (33.67%)

451 (62.21%)

274 (37.79%)

1.85 (1.52–2.25)

6309 (32.21%)

4507 (71.44%)

1802 (28.56%)

1.35 (1.26–1.46)

    55–<65

107 (4.97%)

70 (65.42%)

37 (34.58%)

1.61 (1.06–2.44)

4844 (24.73%)

3666 (75.68%)

1178 (24.32%)

1.15 (1.06–1.25)

    ≥65

—

—

—

—

3307 (16.88%)

2865 (86.63%)

442 (13.37%)

0.71 (0.63–0.79)

    Statistics(P value)

 

39.49 (<0.0001)

   

174.75 (<0.0001)

  

Marital status

    Single

116 (5.39%)

91 (78.45%)

25 (21.55%)

1

248 (1.27%)

224 (90.32%)

24 (9.68%)

1

    Married

1997 (92.75%)

1396 (69.90%)

601 (30.10%)

1.55 (0.98–2.43)

18739 (95.67%)

14292 (76.27%)

4447 (23.73%)

2.58 (1.73–3.85)

    Divorced/widowed/separated

40 (1.86%)

28 (70.00%)

12 (30.00%)

1.57 (0.70–3.52)

600 (3.06%)

495 (82.50%)

105 (17.50%)

2.04 (1.31–3.18)

    Statistics(P value)

 

3.84 (0.1466)

   

26.82 (<0.0001)

  

Current tobacco smoking

    No

1196 (55.55%)

845 (70.65%)

351 (29.35%)

1

17255 (88.09%)

13147 (76.19%)

4108 (23.81%)

1

    Yes

957 (44.45%)

670 (70.01%)

287 (29.99%)

1.03 (0.86–1.24)

2332 (11.91%)

1864 (79.93%)

468 (20.07%)

0.89 (0.81–0.98)

    Statistics(P value)

 

0.10 (0.7459)

   

6.11 (0.0134)

  

Snoring

    No

879 (40.83%)

707 (80.43%)

172 (19.57%)

1

15128 (77.23%)

11651 (77.02%)

3477 (22.98%)

1

    Occasional

774 (35.95%)

553 (71.45%)

221 (28.55%)

1.64 (1.31–2.06)

2944 (15.03%)

2298 (78.06%)

646 (21.94%)

0.97 (0.89–1.05)

    Habitual

500 (23.22%)

255 (51.00%)

245 (49.00%)

3.95 (3.10–5.03)

1515 (7.73%)

1062 (70.10%)

453 (29.90%)

1.41 (1.27–1.55)

    Statistics(P value)

 

133.08 (<0.0001)

   

49.51 (<0.0001)

  

MetS

    No

1303 (60.52%)

1118 (85.80%)

185 (14.20%)

1

16737 (85.45%)

13157 (78.61%)

3580 (21.39%)

1

    Yes

850 (39.48%)

397 (46.71%)

453 (53.29%)

6.90 (5.61–8.47)

2850 (14.55%)

1854 (65.05%)

996 (34.95%)

1.95 (1.81–2.09)

    Statistics(P value)

 

377.09 (<0.0001)

   

343.97 (<0.0001)

  

Arterial hypertension

    No

1187 (55.13%)

926 (78.01%)

261 (21.99%)

1

9917 (50.63%)

7813 (78.78%)

2104 (21.22%)

1

    Yes

966 (44.87%)

589 (60.97%)

377 (39.03%)

2.27 (1.88–2.74)

9670 (49.37%)

7198 (74.44%)

2472 (25.56%)

1.36 (1.28–1.44)

    Statistics(P value)

 

74.15 (<0.0001)

   

105.49 (<0.0001)

  

Hyperglycaemia

    No

1834 (86.02%)

1349 (73.56%)

485 (26.44%)

1

15246 (77.84%)

11715 (76.84%)

3531 (23.16%)

1

    Yes

298 (13.98%)

153 (51.34%)

145 (48.66%)

2.64 (2.05–3.38)

4341 (22.16%)

3296 (75.93%)

1045 (24.07%)

1.12 (1.05–1.20)

    Statistics(P value)

 

60.76 (<0.0001)

   

10.40 (0.0013)

  

Hypertriglyceridemia

    No

1385 (64.33%)

1133 (81.81%)

252 (18.19%)

1

15193 (77.57%)

12093 (79.60%)

3100 (20.40%)

1

    Yes

768 (35.67%)

382 (49.74%)

386 (50.26%)

4.54 (3.73–5.53)

4394 (22.43%)

2918 (66.41%)

1476 (33.59%)

1.87 (1.76–1.99)

    Statistics(P value)

 

243.61 (<0.0001)

   

392.99 (<0.0001)

  

Low HDL-C

    No

747 (34.70%)

629 (84.20%)

118 (15.80%)

1

17136 (87.49%)

13196 (77.01%)

3940 (22.99%)

1

    Yes

1406 (65.30%)

886 (63.02%)

520 (36.98%)

3.13 (2.50–3.92)

2451 (12.51%)

1815 (74.05%)

636 (25.95%)

1.12 (1.03–1.21)

    Statistics(P value)

 

105.02 (<0.0001)

   

6.52 (0.0107)

  

Waist circumference (cm)

88.97 (9.51)

86.02 (8.72)

95.96 (7.43)

 

83.75 (10.00)

82.86 (10.06)

86.67 (9.20)

 

    Normal

967 (44.91%)

882 (91.21%)

85 (8.79%)

1

14259 (72.80%)

11495 (80.62%)

2764 (19.38%)

1

    Elevated

1186 (55.09%)

633 (53.37%)

553 (46.63%)

9.07 (7.06–11.64)

5328 (27.20%)

3516 (65.99%)

1812 (34.01%)

2.00 (1.89–2.13)

    Statistics(P value)

 

365.73 (<0.0001)

   

526.93 (<0.0001)

  

BMI (kg/m2)

24.62 (3.53)

23.27 (2.83)

27.85 (2.85)

 

23.92 (3.13)

23.45 (3.03)

25.49 (2.97)

 

    <18

46 (2.14%)

46 (100.00%)

0 (0.00%)

0.25 (0.01–4.25)

319 (1.63%)

312 (97.81%)

7 (2.19%)

0.15 (0.07–0.31)

    18–<24

907 (42.13%)

870 (95.92%)

37 (4.08%)

1

10026 (51.19%)

8610 (85.88%)

1416 (14.12%)

1

    24–<28

833 (38.69%)

521 (62.55%)

312 (37.45%)

13.91 (9.74–19.86)

7444 (38.00%)

5111 (68.66%)

2333 (31.34%)

2.59 (2.42–2.77)

    ≥28

367 (17.05%)

78 (21.25%)

289 (78.75%)

85.61 (56.73–129.19)

1798 (9.18%)

978 (54.39%)

820 (45.61%)

4.37 (4.01–4.77)

    Statistics(P value)

 

752.39 (<0.0001)

   

1365.82(<0.0001)

  

Obesity

    Normal

694 (32.23%)

679 (97.84%)

15 (2.16%)

1

8904 (45.46%)

7780 (87.38%)

1124 (12.62%)

1

    Simple central obesity

259 (12.03%)

237 (91.51%)

22 (8.49%)

4.20 (2.14–8.23)

1441 (7.36%)

1142 (79.25%)

299 (20.75%)

1.73 (1.53–1.97)

    Simple overweight

273 (12.68%)

203 (74.36%)

70 (25.64%)

15.61 (8.74–27.85)

5355 (27.34%)

3715 (69.37%)

1640 (30.63%)

2.83 (2.62–3.05)

    Both forms of obesity

927 (43.06%)

396 (42.72%)

531 (57.28%)

60.69 (35.80–102.88)

3887 (19.84%)

2374 (61.08%)

1513 (38.92%)

3.94 (3.65–4.26)

    Statistics(P value)

 

648.61 (<0.0001)

   

1302.34 (<0.0001)

  
  1. †Values are displayed as number (column percent) for categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables.
  2. ‡Values are displayed as number (row percent) for categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables.
  3. §Logistic regression was used for calculating crude ORs in univariate analyses; The ORs according to BMI were calculated using Firth’s penalized likelihood because of quasi-complete separation of data points.
  4. Cox regression was used for calculating crude HRs in univariate analyses.
  5. Abbreviation. CI confidence interval; OR odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; SD, standard deviation; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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