Table 2 Effect of self-reported snoring status on NAFLD after adjusting covariates in Tongmei and Kailuan.

From: Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

 

Tongmei cross-sectional population in 2013 (N = 2153)‡

Kailuan cohort from 2006 to 2017 (N = 19587))§

Non-snorers

Occasional

Habitual

Snorers

Non-snorers

Occasional

Habitual

Snorers

NAFLD*

Cases/total (n)

172/879

221/774

245/500

466/1274

3477/15128

646/2944

453/1515

1099/4459

Incidence rate, per 1000 PYs

—

—

—

—

31.9

30.5

45.0

35.2

Model1†

1

1.15 (0.85–1.55) P = 0.3644

1.72 (1.25–2.37) P = 0.0009

1.37 (1.05–1.79) P = 0.0203

1

1.01 (0.92–1.11) P = 0.8365

1.29 (1.16–1.43) P = < 0.0001

1.10 (1.02–1.19) P = 0.0118

Sensitivity analysis

Cases/total (n)

172/879

221/774

245/500

466/1274

6959/15128

1338/2944

826/1515

2164/4459

Incidence rate, per 1000 PYs

—

—

—

—

67.6

68.7

90.0

75.5

Model2†

1

1.08 (0.94–1.24) P = 0.2753

1.25 (1.08–1.43) P = 0.0023

1.16 (1.02–1.31) P = 0.0233

1

1.04 (0.97–1.11) P = 0.2560

1.24 (1.14–1.34) P = < .0001

1.10 (1.04–1.16) P = 0.0004

  1. *NAFLD cases were defined as having positive ultrasonography results, and incident cases were those without NAFLD at baseline and with at least two positive ultrasonography results during 2008–2017.
  2. †Logistic regression was used in Model 1 and Poisson regression was used in Model 2 in Tongmei. Cox proportional hazards regression was used in Kailuan. The reference level was non-snorers in all models. Snorers included occasional snorers and habitual snorers. ORs (95% CIs) were estimated in the logistic regression, HRs (95% CIs) were estimated in Cox proportional regression, and RRs (95% CIs) were estimated in Poisson regression.
  3. ‡ adjusted for age (<45, ≥45 years), sex, marital status (single, married, divorced/widowed/separated), education (illiterate/primary, junior high school, senior high school or college, bachelor’s degree or higher), income (≤4000, >4000–6000, >6000 RMB), workplace (underground/surface), occupation type (mental labour/light physical labour/heavy physical labour), current tobacco smoking (yes, no), perceived salt intake (low, medium, high), degree of IPAQ (low, moderate, high), degree of sedentary (low, moderate, high), total energy intake per day (low, moderate, high), elevated serum liver enzymes (no/yes), obesity (normal, simple central, simple overweight, both), BMI (<24, 24–<28, ≥28 kg/m2), and MetS (no/yes) in Tongmei.
  4. § adjusted for age (<45, 45–<55, 55–<65, ≥65 years), sex, marital status (single, married, divorced/widowed/separated), education (illiterate/primary, junior high school, senior high school, college or higher), income (<600, 600–800, 800–1000, >1000 RMB), workplace (underground/surface), occupation type (mental labour/physical labour), smoking status (never, former, current), perceived salt intake (low, medium, high), physical activity (no, occasional, always), sedentary duration (<4, 4–8, >8 hours per day), elevated ALT (>40 U/L), obesity (normal, simple central, simple overweight, both), elevated SUA (>357μmol/ L for women and >420μmol/ L for men), CRP (<1, 1–3, >3 mg/L), BMI (<18, 18–<24, 24–<28, ≥28 kg/m2), and MetS (no/yes) in Kailuan.
  5. NAFLD cases were defined as having positive ultrasonography results, and incident cases were those without NAFLD at baseline and with at least one positive ultrasonography result during 2008–2017. Abbreviation: NAFLD, non–alcoholic fatty liver disease; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; RR relative risk; BMI, body mass index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire; ALT, alanine transaminase; SUA, serum uric acid; CRP, C–reactive protein; PYs, person-years.
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