Figure 1

(a) Sample Charge-Discharge cycle current and voltage plot, Probe cycle and normal CC-CV. (b) Battery electrical equivalent circuit. Battery voltage vs. SOC plots at different ageing stages, (c) Terminal Voltage and (d) \({v}_{sei}\), (e) Voltage and current curves during discharge to charge transition, (f) Selection of \(\Delta {v}_{sei}\) points, (g) \(\Delta {v}_{se{i}_{k}}\) vs. SOH plot.