Figure 5

Saliva microbiome characterization for children with 5 year repeated samplings from birth to pre-school age. The results are based on 71 children with saliva swab samples collected when the children were 2-days, 3- and 18-months, and 3- and 5-years of age. None had any antibiotic exposure in the preceding 3-month period. Figure (a) shows the beta diversity from the Jaccard dissimilarity PCoA plot (PERMANOVA p < 0.001 among and between age groups). Figure (b,c) are violin plots including box plots for (b) the Jaccard beta-diversity differences, and (c) the Shannon index for alpha diversity. Figures (d,e) show taxa proportions at the phylum and genus level by age, and (f) the phylogenetic tree for bacterial species detected among the 71 children and with color-coded indications of taxa found in 75% (open circles) or 95% (filled circles) of the children at different ages.