Table 1 Concentration (mg kg⁻¹, mean ± SD, n = 4) of essential and toxic elements in L. alatipes and O. tenax leaves (uncooked (UC) and cooked (C)).

	Laportea alatipes		Obetia tenax		DRI		L. alatipes	O. tenax	L. peduncularis	U. dioica
	UC	C	UC	C	RDA^b (mg per day)	DV^c (mg)	UC/C	UC/C	UC/C	UC/C
(mg kg⁻¹)					RDA^b (mg per day)	DV^c (mg)	(mg per 60 g)
Macro-elements
Ca	34084 ± 1074ca	12652 ± 1598a	21999 ± 1618b	21620 ± 636b	1000–1300	1000	2045/759	1320/1297	1654/770	1899/871
Fe	57115 ± 6413c	39196 ± 5376a	112534 ± 9902d	16807 ± 2035b	8–18	18	3427/2352	6752/1008	78.7/60.6	12.5/19.1
Mg	12407 ± 432c	2023 ± 212a	10648 ± 544d	4075 ± 155b	240–400	400	744/121	639/245	420/142	371/136
P	1715 ± 108c	1264 ± 112a	1340 ± 74.6d	1135 ± 153b		1000
Micro-elements
Ba	77.0 ± 5.22b	57.7 ± 6.26a	151 ± 7.41c	88.1 ± 5.00b
Co	1.74 ± 0.26a	1.50 ± 0.19a	6.64 ± 0.430c	0.845 ± 0.118b
Cr	12.1 ± 1.32b	0.073 ± 0a	87.7 ± 6.11c	0.074 ± 0.001a	0.02–0.035	0.120	0.726/0.004	5.26/0.004	0.186/0.407	0.063/0.1
Cu	19.1 ± 1.02b	12.8 ± 0.59a	23.9 ± 2.01c	14.0 ± 0.86a	0.7–0.9	2	1.15/0.768	1.43/0.840	1.38/0.382	1.05/0.97
Mn	260 ± 18.2c	180 ± 24.9a	206 ± 14.3a	76.1 ± 3.34b	1.6–2.3	2	15.6/10.8	12.4/4.57	91.3/10.5	1.53/2.93
Ni	11.8 ± 0.95b	6.36 ± 1.39a	15.8 ± 1.04c	8.42 ± 1.19a	ND		0.708/0.382	0.948/0.505	0.287/0.121	0.144/0.03
Zn	60.7 ± 4.51c	50.9 ± 4.31a	34.3 ± 0.705b	35.2 ± 2.06b	8–11	15	3.64/3.05	2.06/2.11	2.25/1.51	1.9/1.6
Toxic elements
Cd	1.86 ± 0.207b	0.810 ± 0.168a	2.97 ± 0.177c	0.780 ± 0.167a
Pb	2.87 ± 0.250c	1.88 ± 0.134a	2.21 ± 0.128a	0.795 ± 0.157b

^aValues in the same row with different letters are significantly different (Tukey’s post hoc comparison, p < 0.05), ^bIndicates recommended dietary allowance¹⁴, ^cIndicates daily values²⁰, ^dResults of previous study¹⁰.
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) (recommended dietary allowance (RDAs) and daily values (DVs)) and average concentration (in mg per 60 g, dry mass, n = 4)) of essential elements in nettles (L. alatipes, O. tenax, L. peduncularis^d and U. dioica^d).

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