Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the type of OAC after inverse probability of treatment weighting in patients with no prior liver disease.
Characteristics (column %, unless stated otherwise) | VKA N = 220,367 | Dabigatran N = 51,737 | STD* | VKA N = 220,367 | Rivaroxaban N = 99,408 | STD* | VKA N = 220,367 | Apixaban N = 62,503 | STD* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic data | |||||||||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 76.3 (11.3) | 76.6 (11.1) | 0.03 | 75.7 (11.5) | 76.1 (11.6) | 0.04 | 76.4 (11.3) | 76.9 (11.1) | 0.04 |
18–54 | 4.5 | 4.0 | − 0.02 | 5.0 | 4.6 | − 0.02 | 4.4 | 3.8 | − 0.03 |
55–64 | 10.6 | 10.2 | − 0.01 | 11.2 | 10.6 | − 0.02 | 10.4 | 9.8 | − 0.02 |
65–74 | 22.0 | 21.7 | − 0.01 | 23.3 | 22.5 | − 0.02 | 22.1 | 21.5 | − 0.02 |
75–79 | 17.1 | 16.9 | − 0.01 | 17.1 | 16.9 | − 0.01 | 16.8 | 16.9 | 0.00 |
80–84 | 20.8 | 21.2 | 0.01 | 20.0 | 20.3 | 0.01 | 20.8 | 21.0 | 0.01 |
85–89 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 0.02 | 15.4 | 16.1 | 0.02 | 16.7 | 17.5 | 0.02 |
≥ 90 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 0.01 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 0.04 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 0.02 |
Female sex | 53.2 | 53.7 | 0.01 | 52.5 | 53.5 | 0.02 | 53.4 | 54.0 | 0.01 |
Deprivation index | |||||||||
Quintile 1 (least deprived) | 16.5 | 16.5 | 0.00 | 17.0 | 16.9 | 0.00 | 16.4 | 16.3 | 0.00 |
Quintile 2 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 0.00 | 19.0 | 18.9 | 0.00 | 18.8 | 18.6 | − 0.01 |
Quintile 3 | 19.8 | 19.4 | − 0.01 | 19.7 | 19.4 | − 0.01 | 19.9 | 19.6 | − 0.01 |
Quintile 4 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 0.00 | 20.9 | 21.0 | 0.00 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 0.01 |
Quintile 5 (most deprived) | 22.4 | 22.7 | 0.01 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 0.01 | 22.3 | 22.6 | 0.01 |
Overseas departments | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.00 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.00 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.00 |
Comorbidities | |||||||||
Ischaemic heart disease | 28.4 | 28.7 | 0.01 | 27.1 | 27.5 | 0.01 | 28.4 | 28.6 | 0.00 |
Vascular disease | 34.4 | 35.0 | 0.01 | 32.9 | 33.6 | 0.02 | 34.4 | 35.0 | 0.01 |
Heart failure | 36.9 | 36.6 | 0.00 | 35.8 | 36.2 | 0.01 | 37.8 | 38.0 | 0.00 |
Arrhythmias (other than atrial fibrillation)† | 22.7 | 23.0 | 0.01 | 21.9 | 22.4 | 0.01 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 0.02 |
Diabetes | 23.9 | 24.4 | 0.01 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 0.01 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 0.00 |
History of arterial thromboembolic events† | 14.6 | 15.5 | 0.03 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 0.03 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 0.02 |
Dementia or Parkinson’s disease | 8.8 | 9.4 | 0.02 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 0.03 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 0.03 |
Epilepsy or mental illness | 22.1 | 23.0 | 0.02 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 0.03 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 0.02 |
History of DVT/PE | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.00 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 0.02 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 0.00 |
Chronic kidney disease† | 10.6 | 10.4 | − 0.01 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 0.01 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 0.00 |
Asthma/Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15.7 | 15.9 | 0.00 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 0.02 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 0.01 |
History of bleeding† | 8.1 | 8.5 | 0.02 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 0.02 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 0.02 |
Opioid-related disorders | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.01 |
Other chronic and debilitating diseases† | 7.6 | 7.8 | 0.01 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 0.01 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 0.01 |
Frailty (proxy) | 22.8 | 23.5 | 0.02 | 21.4 | 23.7 | 0.06 | 23.1 | 25.2 | 0.05 |
Thyroid disease | 4.9 | 4.6 | − 0.01 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 0.01 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 0.01 |
Obesity† | 14.0 | 14.4 | 0.01 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 0.01 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 0.01 |
Smoking‡ | 12.8 | 13.0 | 0.01 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 0.01 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 0.00 |
Comedications | |||||||||
Potentially hepatotoxic drugs | 79.8 | 80.6 | 0.02 | 79.0 | 79.7 | 0.02 | 79.7 | 80.5 | 0.02 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 88.5 | 89.0 | 0.01 | 87.3 | 87.7 | 0.01 | 88.4 | 88.8 | 0.01 |
Antiarrhythmics | 65.9 | 66.5 | 0.01 | 66.3 | 66.3 | 0.00 | 64.8 | 65.2 | 0.01 |
Nitrovasodilator agents | 7.9 | 8.1 | 0.01 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 0.01 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 0.00 |
Lipid-lowering agents | 48.4 | 48.6 | 0.00 | 47.3 | 46.9 | − 0.01 | 48.2 | 48.2 | 0.00 |
Antiplatelet drugs | 53.6 | 54.7 | 0.02 | 52.3 | 53.4 | 0.02 | 53.1 | 54.0 | 0.02 |
Parenteral anticoagulant | 20.5 | 20.8 | 0.01 | 18.2 | 19.7 | 0.04 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 0.01 |
NSAIDs/Antirheumatic agents | 18.4 | 18.6 | 0.00 | 18.6 | 18.3 | − 0.01 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 0.00 |
Oral corticosteroids | 11.9 | 11.5 | − 0.01 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0.00 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 0.00 |
Opioids/other analgesics | 52.2 | 53.1 | 0.02 | 51.4 | 52.4 | 0.02 | 52.4 | 53.5 | 0.02 |
Antiulcer agents | 49.9 | 50.2 | 0.01 | 48.7 | 49.3 | 0.01 | 50.1 | 51.1 | 0.02 |
Hypnotics/Anxiolytics | 28.8 | 29.3 | 0.01 | 27.9 | 28.6 | 0.02 | 28.4 | 29.2 | 0.02 |
Homeopathy | 28.8 | 28.7 | 0.00 | 29.3 | 29.4 | 0.00 | 29.8 | 30.3 | 0.01 |
Polymedication (at index date) | |||||||||
< 5 ATC classes | 44.1 | 45.8 | 0.03 | 47.4 | 48.2 | 0.02 | 44.3 | 45.4 | 0,02 |
5–9 ATC classes | 41.2 | 40.4 | − 0.02 | 39.1 | 38.1 | − 0.02 | 41.1 | 40.4 | − 0,01 |
≥ 10 ATC classes | 14.7 | 13.8 | − 0.02 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 0.00 | 14.6 | 14.2 | − 0,01 |
Healthcare system use | |||||||||
First OAC prescriber’s specialty | |||||||||
Hospital practitioner | 47.5 | 43.6 | − 0.08 | 45.4 | 42.7 | − 0.05 | 48.1 | 45.7 | − 0,05 |
General practitioner | 24.7 | 27.4 | 0.06 | 24.1 | 26.9 | 0.06 | 23.8 | 25.8 | 0,05 |
Private cardiologist | 25.5 | 26.7 | 0.03 | 28.2 | 28.1 | 0.00 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 0,01 |
Other private practitioners | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.00 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.00 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 0,00 |
General practitioner visits§ | |||||||||
0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | − 0.01 | 3.2 | 3.1 | − 0.01 | 3.1 | 2.9 | − 0,01 |
1–5 | 32.6 | 31.3 | − 0.03 | 33.8 | 32.5 | − 0.03 | 33.1 | 32.1 | − 0,02 |
6–11 | 40.1 | 40.5 | 0.01 | 39.9 | 39.9 | 0.00 | 40.1 | 40.2 | 0,00 |
≥ 12 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 0.03 | 23.0 | 24.6 | 0.04 | 23.6 | 24.8 | 0,03 |
Influenza vaccination\( ^{\P} \) | 55.1 | 56.0 | 0.02 | 53.8 | 54.4 | 0.01 | 55.0 | 55.6 | 0.01 |
