Figure 3

Expression analyses of the genes involved in the early step of flavonoid biosynthesis on 2016 and 2018 samples in control (C) and yeast derivative (LVM) treated berry skin: PAL1 (phenylalanine ammonia lyase; A, B); CHS1 (chalcone synthase 1; C, D) CHS2 (chalcone synthase 2; E, F) CHS3 (chalcone synthase 3; G, H), CHI1 (chalcone isomerase 1; I, J), CHI2 (chalcone isomerase 2; K, L), F3H1 (flavanone 3-hydroxylase 1; M, N) and F3H2 (flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2; O, P). Arrows indicate the date on which first (A1) and second (A2) treatments were applied for each year. T0 analyses were conducted on three different samples, each deriving by the combination of C and LVM berries. Error bars indicate standard error (n = 3). At each sampling date means followed by different letters differ significantly, as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P < 0.05).