Figure 4

Expression analyses of genes involved in the late steps of anthocyanin biosynthesis and in their regulation and transport on 2016 and 2018 samples in control (C) and yeast derivative (LVM) treated berry skin: DFR (dihydroflavonol reductase; A, B), LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; C, D), UFGT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase; E, F), MYBA1 (G, H), GST4 (glutathione S-transferase; I, J). Arrows indicate the date on which first (A1) and second (A2) treatments were applied for each year. T0 analyses were conducted on three different samples, each deriving by the combination of C and LVM berries. Error bars indicate standard error (n = 3). At each sampling date means followed by different letters differ significantly, as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P < 0.05).