Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Early modulation of macrophage ROS-PPARγ-NF-κB signalling by sonodynamic therapy attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in rabbits

Figure 1

Rabbit experiment protocol, time course of macrophage accumulation, fluorescence intensity and cellular location of ALA-PpIX in the injured artery wall. (A) Schematic diagram and plasma cholesterol level in rabbit models. (B) Immunofluorescence analysis detected the variation in macrophage accumulation in the artery wall at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after balloon denudation. Non-injured rabbits were used as controls. n = 5 at each time point. Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) ALA-PpIX fluorescence spectra in the injured arteries at 72 h after balloon denudation. Under the excitation of 405 nm laser light, two typical fluorescence emission bands centred at 635 nm and 690 nm were observed. The fluorescence spectra of PpIX were recorded at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min post-ALA (60 mg/kg) intravenous injection. Three experiments were conducted independently, and representative spectra are shown. (D) Cellular localization of ALA-PpIX in the media of the injured artery at 72 h after balloon denudation. At 1 h after ALA intravenous injection, ALA-PpIX fluorescence was mainly observed within the injured vascular media containing macrophages (stained with RAM-11). Scale bar = 100 μm. ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid, PpIX protoporphyrin. ***p < 0.001 versus 0 day or control.

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