Table 1 Characteristics of patients (n = 435).
Characteristics | Mean ± SD | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 54.6 ± 13.4 | |
Sex | ||
Male | 239 (54.9) | |
Female | 196 (45.1) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 184 (42.3) | |
Chinese | 173 (39.8) | |
Indian | 78 (17.9) | |
Sector of dialysis provider | ||
Government | 165 (37.9) | |
Non-governmental organization | 202 (46.5) | |
Private | 68 (15.6) | |
Anthropometry | ||
Weight (kg) | 62.5 ± 14.2 | |
Height (cm) | 158.1 ± 8.8 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 5.0 | |
Biochemistry | ||
Pre-dialysis urea (mmol/l) | 19.2 ± 5.4 | |
Pre-dialysis creatinine (μmol/l) | 820 (271)* | |
Serum potassium (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 0.8 | |
Serum phosphorus (mmol/l) | 1.78 ± 0.50 | |
<1.18 mmol/l | 47 (10.8) | |
1.18–1.78 mmol/l | 180 (41.4) | |
> 1.78 mmol/l | 208 (47.8) | |
Serum corrected calcium (mmol/l) | 2.26 ± 0.24 | |
Serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/l) | 103 (76)* | |
Serum albumin (g/l) | 39.3 ± 4.0 | |
Medical background | ||
Co-morbidities | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 190 (43.7) | |
Hypertension | 349 (80.2) | |
Hepatitis B/C | 47 (10.8) | |
Dialysis vintage (month) | 56 (73)* | |
Kt/V | 1.6 ± 0.4 | |
nPNA (g/kg) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | |
Parathyroidectomy history | 69 (15.9) | |
Medication prescriptions | ||
Phosphate binder prescription | 427 (98.2) | |
Calcium based phosphate binder | 404 (92.9) | |
Lanthanum carbonate | 17 (3.9) | |
Sevelamer carbonate | 6 (1.4) | |
Activated vitamin D prescription | 299 (68.7) | |
Self-reported adherence to phosphate binder | 254 (59.5) | |
Dietary intake | ||
Energy (kcal) | 1524 ± 343 | |
Energy (kcal/kg) | 25.2 ± 6.5 | |
Total protein (g) | 52.5 (20.6)* | |
Total protein (g/kg) | 0.9 (0.4)* | |
Animal protein (g) | 28.2 (19.5)* | |
Plant protein (g) | 23.7 (10.0)* | |
Total phosphate (mg) | 634.8 (268.0)* | |
Animal organic phosphate (mg) | 236.6 (206.0)* | |
Plant organic phosphate (mg) | 269.7 (160.0)* | |
Inorganic phosphate (mg) | 80.7 (137.0)* | |
Phosphate to protein ratio (mg/g) | 12.0 (3.4)* | |
Total fluid (ml) | 1246 (830)* | |
Eating out frequency (per week) | 8 (10)* | |
Diet Monotony Index | 30 (12)* | |
