Table 1 Seasonal and annual means ± standard deviations of air-sea CO2 fluxes (mol C m−2 year−1) for the open and coastal ocean using the wind speed parameterizations of Ho et al.36.

From: Surface Water CO2 variability in the Gulf of Mexico (1996–2017)

Season

Mean

Min

Max

Open ocean

Winter

 − 0.32 ± 0.73

 − 0.58 ± 1.03 (Feb)

0.04 ± 0.15 (Dec)

Spring

 − 0.03 ± 0.29

 − 0.19 ± 0.27 (Mar)

0.07 ± 0.31 (May)

Summer

0.15 ± 0.58

0.01 ± 0.38 (Sept)

0.35 ± 0.70 (Aug)

Fall

 − 0.04 ± 0.18

 − 0.05 ± 0.19 (Oct)

 − 0.03 ± 0.16 (Nov)

Annual

 − 0.06 ± 0.45

  

Coastal ocean

Winter

0.23 ± 4.68

 − 0.47 ± 0.26 (Dec)

0.62 ± 7.10 (Feb)

Spring

 − 0.31 ± 1.62

 − 0.62 ± 2.45 (Mar)

 − 0.08 ± 0.65 (May)

Summer

0.11 ± 0.63

0.09 ± 0.55 (Aug)

0.21 ± 0.25 (Jun)

Fall

 − 0.15 ± 0.37

 − 0.17 ± 0.38 (Nov)

 − 0.09 ± 0.33(Oct)

Annual

 − 0.03 ± 1.83

  
  1. For each season, the minimum and maximum monthly averages are also presented. Positive fluxes indicate the ocean is a CO2 source to the atmosphere while negative values indicate the ocean is a CO2 sink.