Figure 1
From: Trisk 95 as a novel skin mirror for normal and diabetic systemic glucose level
Skin rapidly senses any increase in blood glucose. (a) GTT assay using C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into two groups: the control group (empty circle) was injected IP with PBS, and the treated group (full circle) with 2 g/kg d-glucose diluted in PBS. Blood glucose levels were monitored at the given time points (n = 15 mice/group). (b) Insulin concentrations in healthy and type I diabetic mice. Insulin levels at 45 min post-injection were measured using the Insulin Rodent Chemiluminescence ELISA technique (n = 6 mice/group). (c) Skin glucose levels in vivo. The GTT assay was performed and skin biopsies were collected at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 45 min post-injection (n = 7 mice/group). Glucose levels were measured using the YSI 2,950 Biochemistry Analyzer (YSI Life Sciences) and normalized to the total concentration of proteins (mmol/mg protein). (d) Glut-1 mRNA levels at 45 min post-injection in the skin of both healthy and type I diabetic mice was quantified by qRT-PCR. The results are shown as averages after normalization to the controls ± SD (n = 6/group). (e) Glut-1 protein expression level at 45 min post-injection was determined then quantified by western blotting and b-actin was used as a loading control. Two-way ANOVA analysis was performed in a using GraphPad Prism software, ****P < 0.0001 and (c) (*P < 0.02; ****P < 0.0001 respectively). One-way ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons in (b) (*P < 0.03; *P < 0.041; ***P < 0.0002, ns not significant 0.9, respectively). Two-tailed Student’s test was used in (d) (*P < 0.01; **P < 0.0094; ***P < 0.0003, respectively), and (e) (*P < 0.023, ns not significant 0.72).
