Figure 3
Effects of DM on post-implantation development. Embryos obtained after in vitro fertilization with oocytes from diabetic (DMO) or non-diabetic (CONO) females were transferred into the oviducts of diabetic (DMS) or non-diabetic (CONS) surrogates. At 18.5 days of pregnancy caesarian section was performed and number of live fetuses and resorption sites were scored. Fetuses and placentas were weighted and measured. Four experimental groups (CONO-CONS, DMO-CONS, CONO-DMS, and DMO-DMS) were compared in regard to proportion of fetuses (A) and resorption sites (B) from embryos transferred, fetal weight (C), fetal crown to rump length (CRL, D), placental weight (E), placental diameter (F), and incidences of fetuses with congenital defects (G). The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA analysis of variance with post-hoc Bonferroni test for multiple paired comparison. There were no differences between the groups in incidence of fetuses and abortions in ANOVA (P = 0.408 and P = 0.139, respectively) and post-hoc test. When the data shown in (A) and (B) were analyzed by t-test paired comparison, more sensitive than ANOVA, only one significant difference was noted (Abortions, DMO-DMS vs. DMO-CONS, P = 0.027). Fetal weight and CRL were significantly decreased with DMO surrogates as shown by ANOVA (P < 0.0001) and post-hoc test (A vs. B and C, P < 0.0001; B vs. B, P < 0.05). Placental diameter was also slightly decreased with DMO surrogates in ANOVA (P < 0.04), with no differences between groups in paired comparison. Congenital defects were only observed among fetuses from diabetic surrogates (ANOVA P = 0.0007, post-hoc A vs. B, P < 0.01). When the data shown in (G) were also analyzed by t-test paired comparison the difference was noted also between DMO-DMS vs. CONO-CONS and DMO-CONS (P = 0.012) and the difference between CONO-DMS vs. CONO-CONS and DMO-CONS increased (P = 0.005). In (H), the examples of early, midterm and late abortions and normal fetuses and placentas from DMS are shown. Scale in H, 1 cm (except for bottom most left panel which is not to scale). Graphs are average ± SDev with n = 5, 5, 4, and 5 (surrogates) in (A) and (B), and n = 54, 47, 37, and 44 (fetuses or placentas) in (C) to (G), for CONO-CONS, DMO-CONS, CONO-DMS, and DMO-DMS, respectively. For statistical analyses percentages were transformed to angles. Raw data for (A), (B) and (G) are shown in Table S3.
