Figure 5

Comparing intrinsic and acquired sex differences. (A) A heatmap is drawn indicating the log-fold changes at birth and in the adult setting. A positive value means expression is higher in females. The intrinsic gene block is colored in green, the acquired gene block is colored in red. (B) Hallmark enrichments are shown in a radarplot in the same order as Figs. 2C and 3C, with green indicating intrinsic gene enrichment and red acquired gene enrichment. Interesting significant terms are highlighted. The length of the radius measures significance (− log10 adjusted p-value). (C) A StringDB network is shown of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers in the acquired gene set. The top 5 most connected nodes to this input have been drawn as well and are marked by a red circle. Blue letters indicate higher expression of a gene in adult male HAECs, whereas pink letters indicate higher expression in females. The thickness of the edge indicates the confidence for the association as determined by the String analysis. (D) Two schematics are shown that highlight the genes of the different individual GWAS tested that overlap with either the acquired (top) or intrinsic (bottom) gene set. Colors indicate the GWAS, and the same colors are used for both panels. Acquired DEGs did not overlap with the BMI or the Alzheimer’s disease GWAS, while intrinsic DEGs did not overlap with the Alzheimer’s disease or the UC GWAS. BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, Crohn’s Crohn’s disease, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, UC ulcerative colitis.