Table 2 Muscle mass, physical activity and fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipid in the groups during the intervention.

From: Effects of combining exercise with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial

 

Group

Baseline

24 weeks

Δ

Muscle mass (kg)

no Ex + placebo

37.8 ± 1.5

37.4 ± 1.5

− 0.5 ± 0.3

Ex + placebo

36.2 ± 1.4

36.3 ± 1.4

0.2 ± 0.2

Ex + LCPUFA

38.3 ± 1.7

38.3 ± 1.7

0.0 ± 0.1

Step (/day)

no Ex + placebo

6,716 ± 621

6,393 ± 563

− 322 ± 301

Ex + placebo

5,935 ± 419

7,198 ± 383**

1,264 ± 311##

Ex + LCPUFA

7,807 ± 794

8,587 ± 642*

780 ± 358#

FA composition in plasma PL

  PA (%)

no Ex + placebo

27.1 ± 0.2

26.7 ± 0.2*

− 0.4 ± 0.2

Ex + placebo

26.9 ± 0.2

26.5 ± 0.2*

− 0.4 ± 0.2

Ex + LCPUFA

27.0 ± 0.2

26.8 ± 0.3

− 0.3 ± 0.2

  SA (%)

no Ex + placebo

14.4 ± 0.2

14.6 ± 0.2

0.2 ± 0.2

Ex + placebo

14.7 ± 0.1

14.6 ± 0.2

− 0.1 ± 0.1

Ex + LCPUFA

14.1 ± 0.3

14.4 ± 0.3

0.4 ± 0.2

  OA (%)

no Ex + placebo

9.2 ± 0.2

9.1 ± 0.2

− 0.1 ± 0.2

Ex + placebo

9.4 ± 0.2

9.0 ± 0.2*

− 0.5 ± 0.2

Ex + LCPUFA

9.6 ± 0.2

8.9 ± 0.1**

− 0.7 ± 0.2

  LA (%)

no Ex + placebo

19.9 ± 0.4

19.1 ± 0.5

− 0.7 ± 0.4

Ex + placebo

19.9 ± 0.6

19.7 ± 0.5

− 0.1 ± 0.5

Ex + LCPUFA

20.7 ± 0.6

18.9 ± 0.5**

− 1.8 ± 0.3

  ARA (%)

no Ex + placebo

10.0 ± 0.3

9.8 ± 0.3

− 0.2 ± 0.2

Ex + placebo

9.5 ± 0.3

9.7 ± 0.4

0.3 ± 0.3

Ex + LCPUFA

9.7 ± 0.4

10.6 ± 0.3**

0.9 ± 0.2##

  EPA (%)

no Ex + placebo

2.1 ± 0.2

2.7 ± 0.4

0.6 ± 0.4

Ex + placebo

2.2 ± 0.2

2.7 ± 0.3

0.5 ± 0.3

Ex + LCPUFA

2.1 ± 0.3

2.4 ± 0.2

0.3 ± 0.3

  DHA (%)

no Ex + placebo

7.6 ± 0.3

7.4 ± 0.3

− 0.1 ± 0.2

Ex + placebo

7.6 ± 0.3

7.6 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.2

Ex + LCPUFA

7.1 ± 0.3

8.3 ± 0.2**

1.3 ± 0.2##

  EPA/ARA

no Ex + placebo

0.22 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.05

0.07 ± 0.04

Ex + placebo

0.25 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.04

0.05 ± 0.04

Ex + LCPUFA

0.23 ± 0.04

0.23 ± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.03

  1. Mean ± SE. no Ex + placebo (n = 28), Ex + placebo (n = 27) and Ex + LCPUFA (n = 21) groups. There was no significant difference among the groups for each fatty acid, muscle mass and step at baseline (one-way ANOVA). #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. the no EX + placebo group (Dunnett's). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 versus baseline (paired t-test). Ex, exercise; LCPUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; FA, fatty acid; PL, phospholipid; PA, palmitic acid; SA, stearic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA/ARA, ratio of EPA and ARA.