Table 1 Definition of land use categories and patterns of hardening response based on observed modern-day hardening within each land use category.
From: Risk of shoreline hardening and associated beach loss peaks before mid-century: Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi
Residential | Beach park | Federal | Unclassified | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition | TMK parcel with dwellings as well as golf courses | State or city beach park | Military and conservation land | Unclassified shoreline, typically roads or undeveloped land |
Hardening to protect buildings | Hardening along the entire length of the parcel (up to 100 m on large parcels) | Hardening only in front of each threatened building, except for clusters of cabins, in which shoreline hardening spans the length of clustered cabins (Hardening typically spans 60–120 m of shoreline in these categories) | No buildings were in this land use | |
Hardening to protect transportation assets | Hardening only in front of the threatened portion of roadway or other transportation asset; except for cases where the greens of a golf course are located between the shoreline and a roadway that falls within a future administrative hazard zone, in which case hardening is assumed along the entire length of the shoreline fronting the golf course greens, following observed trends of hardening at golf courses | |||
