Table 3 Characteristics of the study population, n = number of individuals; ±  = standard deviation.

Demographics

Proportion of adult participants in study population

65%

80%

71%

Average age of adults

40 (± 16)

42 (± 17)

41 (± 16)

Average age of children

2 (± 1)

2 (± 1)

2 (± 1)

Females

74%

78%

74%

Indigenous ethnicity

72%

9%

44%

Adult participant: no formal education

31%

20%

27%

Adult participant: literate (reads)

47%

68%

57%

Household characteristics

JMP unimproved toilet^a

11%

23%

16%

Shared toilet, not on premise

53%

57%

55%

> 3 people per sleeping room^b

33% (48/146)

43% (31/91)

37% (87/237)

Dirt floors

30%

32%

30%

Household consumes any type of milk

45%

57%

50%

Household consumes raw milk only

37%

28%

33%

Raw milk boiled before consumption

37%

22%

30%

Milk stored^c in household: raw milk, boiled

11% (6/56)

35% (9/26)

18% (15/82)

Milk stored^c in household: packaged milk

38% (5/13)

79% (24/34)

61% (29/47)

Antibiotic use by participant

Ever used antibiotics

41%

86%

61%

Used antibiotics in the past 14 days

0% (0/70)

11% (8/75)

5% (8/145)

Used antibiotics between study phases^b

11% (9/84)

30% (14/46)

18% (23/130)