Table 4 Multivariate analysis of the correlates of antibiotic resistance.

From: Antibiotic use and hygiene interact to influence the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in low-income communities in Guatemala

Antibiotics

Level 1a,b AB use

Level 2 AB use

Household hygiene scale

Participant had diarrhea

Household boiled milk

Adult/child Adult = 1

Rural/urban Urban = 1

Ampicillin

0.89 (0.68–1.18)

1.53*** (1.21–1.95)

0.69*** (0.63–0.77)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

0.82 (0.52–1.29)

0.42*** (0.26–0.67)

2.10*** (1.31–3.37)

Amoxicillin

1.05 (0.80–1.38)

1.72*** (1.35–2.18)

0.77*** (0.70–0.84)

0.96 (0.80–1.15)

0.69* (0.45–1.06)

0.46*** (0.30–0.72)

1.56* (1.00–2.44)

Ceftazidime

0.91 (0.48–1.73)

0.65* (0.39–1.07)

0.58*** (0.46–0.73)

3.34*** (2.12–5.26)

0.38** (0.16–0.89)

0.77 (0.35–1.70)

2.78** (1.14–6.77)

Chloramphenicol

0.23*** (0.13–0.39)

1.82*** (1.17–2.82)

0.69*** (0.59–0.80)

0.27*** (0.18–0.40)

0.40*** (0.21–0.75)

1.21 (0.64–2.29)

3.31*** (1.67–6.55)

Ciprofloxacin

0.54** (0.31–0.93)

2.10*** (1.34–3.32)

0.51*** (0.41–0.63)

1.28 (0.90–1.82)

0.31*** (0.14–0.70)

2.25** (1.01–5.03)

5.96*** (2.50–14.22)

Kanamycin

0.28*** (0.15–0.51)

0.17*** (0.09–0.31)

1.31*** (1.10–1.55)

5.75*** (3.69–8.96)

0.85 (0.44–1.65)

1.24 (0.63–2.43)

1.25 (0.61–2.59)

Streptomycin

1.28* (0.96–1.72)

1.81*** (1.41–2.31)

0.80*** (0.72–0.88)

0.70*** (0.57–0.85)

0.73 (0.45–1.18)

0.40*** (0.24–0.65)

1.35 (0.83–2.22)

Sulfamethoxazole

1.54*** (1.15–2.07)

1.53*** (1.21–1.95)

0.56*** (0.50–0.62)

1.49*** (1.23–1.80)

0.93 (0.55–1.59)

0.45*** (0.26–0.78)

1.70* (0.99–2.93)

Tetracycline

0.96 (0.73–1.27)

1.59*** (1.26–2.01)

0.75*** (0.68–0.82)

0.92 (0.76–1.12)

0.62** (0.39–0.97)

0.52*** (0.33–0.83)

1.11 (0.69–1.77)

Trimethroprim

0.95 (0.72–1.27)

1.23 (0.96–1.57)

0.69*** (0.62–0.76)

1.14 (0.95–1.38)

0.93 (0.59–1.47)

0.43*** (0.27–0.69)

1.44 (0.90–2.31)

MDR

0.95 (0.71–1.27)

1.67*** (1.30–2.13)

0.62*** (0.56–0.69)

1.05 (0.87–1.27)

0.66 (0.40–1.11)

0.36*** (0.21–0.62)

2.21*** (1.31–3.74)

  1. Across all antibiotics, the number of observations is 21,256 and the number of groups (individuals) is 273. Coefficients are provided with 95% confidence intervals. See Table 1 for variable definitions.
  2. a***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, *P < 0.1
  3. bSee Table 1 for definitions.
  4. cConstant indicates the predicted mean odds ratio (OR) when all variables are 0.
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